Table 1 Cost estimates for lignocellulosic ethanol production
From: The commercial performance of cellulosic ethanol supply-chains in Europe
Reference | Conversion processa | Capacity (tonnes dry biomass year-1) | Ethanol production cost (2005US$ litre-1) |
|---|---|---|---|
Von Sivers and Zacchi (1996) [4] | Enz./dilute acid/concentrated acid | 100,000 (softwood) | 0.76/0.81/0.79 |
Lynd (1996) [5] | Enz. (SSF) | 592,000 (hardwood) | 0.4 |
National Renewable Energy Laboratory: Wooley et al. (1999) [3] Aden et al. (2002) [6] Ruth and Jechura (2003) [7] | Enz. (SSF) | 700,000 (hardwood)/(corn stover) | 0.47/0.34 |
Wingren (2003) [8] | Enz. (SHF)/Enz. (SSF) | 196,000 (softwood) | 0.8/0.68–0.64 |
Sassner et al. (2008) [26] | Enz. (SSF) | 200,000 (hardwood/corn stover/softwood) | 0.71/0.71/0.57 |