Furfural induces reactive oxygen species accumulation and cellular damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Table 1 Mean count of yeast cells expressing mitochondrial targeted green fluorescent protein indicating mitochondrial membrane damages from tubular to aggregated morphologies caused by furfural treatment.

Hour	Category*	Control	25 mM Furfural	50 mM Furfural
6	Tubular	80 ± 13	50 ± 5	10 ± 2
6	Fragmented	19 ± 13	41 ± 2	45 ± 3
6	Aggregated	1 ± 0.4	9 ± 2	45 ± 2
24	Tubular	94 ± 4	27 ± 8	4 ± 4
24	Fragmented	6 ± 2	49 ± 4	33 ± 23
24	Aggregated	< 1 ± 1	24 ± 10	66 ± 28
48	Tubular	17 ± 5	16 ± 10	0
48	Fragmented	79 ± 3	53 ± 15	0
48	Aggregated	4 ± 2	31 ± 6	100 ± 0

Prior to adding furfural, 87%, 12% and 1% of cells contained tubular, fragmented and aggregated mitochondria, respectively. Data represent averages of three experiments with standard error indicated. At least 100 cells were examined at each time point.
* Tubular mitochondria are a network of evenly distributed tubules that are often connected; fragmented mitochondria are small evenly distributed spherical structures; aggregated mitochondria are small and clustered spherical structures that are not evenly distributed.

ISSN: 2731-3654