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Table 1 Differences in stillage processing in the scenarios investigated

From: Techno-economic evaluation of stillage treatment with anaerobic digestion in a softwood-to-ethanol process

Scenario

Washing and drying

Pellet production

Biogas upgrading

Turbine system

Burnt in CHP (besides sludge)

Co-products*

DH

Reference

Yes

Part of sfrac of stillage (dried)

No

HP

Part of sfrac of stillage, syrup, bg

Pellets

No

A1

Yes

Part of SF

Yes

HP

Part of SF, tail gas

Up bg, pellets

No

A2

Yes

TA of SF

No

HP-LP

Bg

Pellets

Yes

A3

No

-

Yes

HP-LP

Sfrac of stillage, tail gas

Up bg

Yes

A4

No

-

No

HP-LP

Sfrac of stillage, bg

-

Yes

B

-

-

Yes

HP-LP

Sfrac of eff, tail gas

Up bg

Yes

  1. *The electricity generated is not included in co-products. Although it is produced in all scenarios, in some cases electricity consumption exceeds production.
  2. Bg: biogas; CHP: combined heat and power; DH: district heating; eff: effluent of anaerobic digestion; HP: high-pressure; LP: low-pressure; SF: solid fuel; Sfrac: solid fraction; TA: total amount; Up: upgraded.