Table 1 Biological conversions of crude glycerol to chemicals

1, 3-propanediol

Fed-batch cultures of Klebsiella pneumoniae strain

1.7 g/L/h

[6]

Maximum 1,3-propanediol production from K. pneumonia

13.8 g/L

[29]

Optimize 1,3-propanediol production from K. pneumoniae ATCC 15380

56 g/L

[30]

Integrated bioprocess combining biodiesel production by lipase with microbial production of 1, 3-propanediol by K. pneumoniae strain

1.7 g/L/h

[31]

Clostridium butyricum strain VPI 3266 on a synthetic medium

0.60 mol/mol glycerol

[32]

C. butyricum strain F2b (process modelling)

NA^a

[33]

C. butyricum VPI 1718; fed-batch operation under non-sterile culture conditions

67.9 g/L

[35]

One vessel bio- and chemocatalytic process; in a biphasic system without intermediate separation of 1, 3-propanediol; C. butyricum DSM10703

134 m mol/L

[36]

Citric acid

Y. lipolytica strain ACA-DC 50109 (process modelling)

NA^a

[33]

Acetate Mutants of Y. lipolytica Wratislavia AWG7 strain; Fed-batch operation

139 g/L

[39]

Yarrowia lipolytica strain LGAM S (7)1

35 g/L

[42]

Y. lipolytica N15

71 g/L

[43]

Erythritol

Fed-batch cultures of Y. lipolytica Wratislavia K1

1 g/L/h

[41]

Hydrogen

Photofermentative conversion process; Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain

6 mol/mol glycerol

[44]

Enterobacter aerogenes strain HU-101; continuous culture; porous ceramics as a support material to fix cells

63 mmol/L/h

[45]

Optimize some media compositions of E. aerogenes ATCC 35029

0.85 mol/mol glycerol

[46]

Anaerobic treatment process; crude glycerol was a co-substrate

2.9 mmol/g glycerol

[49]

Poly (hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs)

Pseudomonas oleovorans NRRL B-14682 and P. corrugata 388 grew and synthesized PHB and mcl-PHA, respectively

NA^a

[52]

Producing PHB; Paracoccus denitrificans and Cupriavidus necator JMP 134 strains

48%

[53]

Producing PHB; Cupriavidus necator strain DSM 545

50%

[54]

Producing PHB; Zobellella denitrificans MW1; fed-batch cultivation

66.9% ± 7.6%

[55]

Producing PHB; Mixed microbial consortia (MMC)

> 50%

[56]

Pseudomonas oleovorans NRRL B-14682; batch culture

30%

[57]

Phytase

High cell density fermentations, recombinant Pichia pastoris

1125 U/mL

[70]

Lipase

Staphylococcus caseolyticus EX17

127.3 U/L

[75]

Succinic acid

Basfia succiniciproducens DD1; continuous cultivation process

1.02 g/g glycerol

[68]

Docosahexaenoic acid-rich algae

Fermentation of the alga, Schizochytrium limacinum strain; continuous culture

0.52 g/L-day

[61]

Eicosapentaenoic acid

Fungus Pythium irregulare

90 mg/L

[60]

Lipid

Schizochytrium limacinum SR21; batch culture

73.3%

[62]

Cryptococcus curvatus; two-stage fed-batch process

52%

[63]

Oleaginous red yeast Rhodotorula glutinis TISTR 5159; fed-batch fermentation

60.7%

[65]

Chlorella protothecoides

3 g/L per day

[66]

Fungi

42.6%

[67]

Recombinant human erythropoietin etc.

Pichia pastoris medium

31 mg/L

[72]

Ethanol

Nonpathogenic Kluyvera cryocrescens S26; batch fermentation

27 g/L

[47]

Klebsiella pneumoniae mutant strain (GEM167)

21.5 g/L

[48]

Methane

Anaerobic digestion

0.306 m³/kg glycerol

[51]

Butanol

Clostridium pasteurianum (ATCC^®6013™)

0.30 g/g glycerol

[71]

Fungal protein

Rhizopus microsporus var. oligosporus

0.83 ± 0.02 g/g glycerol

[77]