Table 1 Chemicals produced at high yield and/or high concentration by microbial fermentation of glycerol

1,3-Propanediol

K. pneumoniae DSM 2026

Fed-batch

Microaerobic

0.52 mol/mol

1.57 g/L/h

59.50 g/L

[13]

K. pneumoniae LDH 526

Fed-batch

Aerobic

0.52 mol/mol

2.13 g/L/h

102.1 g/L

[17]

C. butyricum F2b

Batch

Anaerobic

0.53 g/g

1.05 g/L/h^a

47.1 g/L

[6]

E. coli K12

Fed-batch

Anaerobic

90.2%^b

2.61 g/L/h

104.4 g/L

[16]

K. pneumoniae

Fed-batch 1 m³

Anaerobic

61 mol/mol

2.2 g/L/h

75 g/L

[18]

2,3-Butanediol

K. pneumoniae G31

Fed-batch

Microaerobic

0.36 mol/mol

0.18 g/L/h

49.2 g/L

[19]

K. pneumoniae G31

Fed-batch

Aerobic

0.39 g/g

0.47 g/L/h

70.0 g/L

[20]

Ethanol

E. coli SY 4

Batch

Microaerobic

85%^b

0.15 g/L/h

7.8 g/L

[21]

Butanol

C. pasteurianum

Batch

Anaerobic

0.36 g/g

n.d

1.8 g/L^a

[22]

Dihydroxyacetone

G. oxydans ZJB09112

Fed-batch

Aerobic

88.7%^b

n.d

161.9 g/L

[23]

Glyceric acid

G. frateurii NBRC103465

Fed-batch

Aerobic

0.76 g/g

0.81 g/L/h^a

136.5 g/L^c

[24]

A. tropicalis NBRC16470

Fed-batch

Aerobic

0.46 g/g

0.71 g/L/h^a

101.8 g/L^d

[24]

Lactic acid

E. coli AC-521

Fed-batch

Aerobic

0.9 mol/mol

0.49 g/g/h^a

85.8 g/L

[25]

E. coli LA02Δdld

Batch

Microaerobic

0.83 g/g

1.25 g/g//h

32 g/L

[26]

Succinic acid

engineered E. coli

Batch

Microaerobic

0.69 g/g

~ 4 g/g/h

14 g/L

[27]

Y. lipolytica Y-3314

Batch

Oxygen limited

0.45 g/g ^d

n.d

45 g/L

[28]

Citric acid

Y. lipolytica

Repeated batch

Aerobic

0.77 g/g

0.85 g/L/h

124.2 g/L

[29]

Oxalic acid

A. niger

Batch

Aerobic

0.62 g/g

n.d

21 g/L

[30]

Mannitol

C. magnoliae

Batch

Aerobic

0.51 g/g

0.53 g/L/h^a

51 g/L

[31]

Erythritol

Y. lipolytica Wratislavia K1

Fed-batch

Aerobic

0.56 g/g

1.0 g/L/h

170 g/L

[32]

Arabitol

D. hansenii SBP1

Batch

Aerobic

0.50 g/g

0.12 g/L/h^a

14 g/L^a

[33]

PHB

E. coli Arc2

Fed-batch

Microaerobic

0.18 g/L/h

10.81 g/L

[34]

Z. denitrificans MW1

Fed-batch

Aerobic

0.25 g/g

1.09 g/L/h

54.3 g/L

[35]