Bioconversion of lignocellulose: inhibitors and detoxification

Table 1 Techniques for detoxification of lignocellulose hydrolysates and slurries

Technique	Procedure	Example^a
Chemical additives	Alkali [such as Ca(OH)₂, NaOH, NH₄OH]	[76, 77]
Chemical additives	Reducing agents [such as dithionite, dithiothreitol, sulfite]	[39]
Enzymatic treatment	Laccase	[36, 45]
Enzymatic treatment	Peroxidase	[36]
Heating and vaporization	Evaporation	[33]
Heating and vaporization	Heat treatment	[78]
Liquid-liquid extraction	Ethyl acetate	[24, 75]
	Supercritical fluid extraction [such as supercritical CO₂]	[34]
	Trialkylamine	[79]
Liquid–solid extraction	Activated carbon	[80]
	Ion exchange	[38, 81]
	Lignin	[82]
Microbial treatment	Coniochaeta ligniaria	[83, 84]
	Trichoderma reesei	[33, 85]
	Ureibacillus thermosphaericus	[86]

^aThe table includes one or two examples of each procedure (references are not exhaustive). Dilution, washing of solid fractions, and techniques based on the fermenting microbe are not included.

ISSN: 2731-3654