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Table 2 Influence of weak acids (acetic and formic acid) and furans (furfural and HMF) on growth in YNB medium (supplemented with glucose 20 g/l) pH 4.5, of the most inhibitor-tolerant newly isolated S. cerevisiae strains and the most resistant benchmark yeast 27P a

From: Exploring grape marc as trove for new thermotolerant and inhibitor-tolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for second-generation bioethanol production

Inhibitor

Concentrations

S. cerevisiae strains

mmol/l

g/l

27Pab

Fm12

Fm17

Fm38

Fm64

Fm89

Fm90

Lactic acid

19

1.72

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

 

38

3.45

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

 

57

5.17

100

100

100

99

100

100

100

 

76

6.89

99

100

100

96

100

100

100

Formic acid

13

0.61

99

91

94

90

92

94

93

 

27

1.22

93

91

94

90

92

91

91

 

40

1.83

89

89

91

88

90

89

89

 

53

2.44

85

86

90

83

87

87

86

Acetic acid

30

1.80

99

96

99

95

98

96

89

 

60

3.60

89

90

96

87

96

92

88

 

90

5.40

86

88

92

84

89

90

83

 

120

7.20

82

87

91

78

88

85

80

Furfural

7

0.69

92

90

93

94

95

90

90

 

14

1.38

88

84

89

90

91

85

74

 

22

2.08

67

77

86

61

87

58

52

 

29

2.77

12

0

60

28

51

39

29

HMF

7

0.94

87

92

91

90

82

87

91

 

15

1.86

84

90

81

80

77

70

87

 

22

2.81

73

84

78

75

69

59

79

 

30

3.75

48

74

73

64

35

48

70

Cocktailc

         

  A

83

80

91

90

87

88

82

  B

65

70

80

70

70

72

63

  C

35

51

71

55

63

60

52

  D

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

  1. Abbreviations: HMF 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, YNB yeast nitrogen base.
  2. aValues are reported as relative growth (%) of the optical density measured for each strain after 40 hours of growth in YNB without inhibitor, and are the means of three replicates. Standard error was always less than 4% (not shown). Bold and italic fonts are used for values equal to or greater than 90 and equal to or less than 50, respectively.
  3. bControl strain.
  4. cFor compostion of inhibitor cocktails, please see Table 3.