Table 3 Fitted rate parameters and activation energies for secondary hydrothermal reactions of wheat straw

10:1

Kinetic modelling (not including formic acid)

180°C

235

0.040

0.019

0.0016

0.0021

0.994

31 (12)

0.0076 (0.0051)

0.993

0

200°C

235

0.219

0.060

0.0053

0.0138

0.978

30 (7.2)

0.0214 (0.011)

0.983

0

220°C

235

0.993

0.211

0.0183

0.0684

0.984

32 (6.6)

0.072 (0.033)

0.972

0

10:1

Arrhenius analysis (not including formic acid)

E (kJmol^{− 1})

149 (16, 1.2)

112 (68, 4.9)

113 (49, 3.8)

166 (78, 6)

104 (93, 7.4)

R² of Arrh fit

0.999

0.997

0.998

0.998

0.995

4:1

Kinetic modelling (not including formic acid)

200°C

235

0.219

0.12

0.017

0.031

0.997

28 (2.8)

0.040 (0.009)

0.992

0

10:1

Kinetic modelling (including formic acid)

180°C

235^a

0.04^a

0.010

0.0037

0.0021^a

0.994

0.0018

200°C

235^a

0.219^a

0.027

0.0083

0.0138^a

0.976

0.0052

220°C

235^a

0.993^a

0.079

0.0394

0.0684^a

0.935

0.0173

10:1

Arrhenius analysis (including formic acid)

E (kJmol^{− 1})

149^a

95(51, 4.1)

109 (^, 22.7)

166^a

105 (80, 6.4)

R² of Arrh fit

0.998

0.958

0.996

4:1

Kinetic modelling (including formic acid)

235^a

0.219^a

0.033

0.055

0.031^a

0.981

0.0061