Land usage attributed to corn ethanol production in the United States: sensitivity to technological advances in corn grain yield, ethanol conversion, and co-product utilization

Table 5 Ethanol and co-product outputs associated with ethanol processing scenarios, assuming 86% dry grind with 50% skimming oil and 14% wet milling

	Ethanol yield, L/t (gal/bu)	DDGS yield, kg/t (lb/bu)^a	CGF yield, kg/t (lb/bu)^a	CGM yield, kg/t (lb/bu)^a	Dry grind oil recovery, kg/t (lb/bu)
Baseline^b	410.3 (2.759)	310.1 (17.44)	229.3 (12.88)	49.77 (2.80)	2.145 (0.12)
Individual processes:
Conventional dry grind, no oil skimming	414.1 (2.785)	312.2 (17.56)	n/a	n/a	0
Conventional dry grind, with oil skimming	414.1 (2.785)	308.0 (17.32)	n/a	n/a	4.288 (0.24)
Wet milling	386.6 (2.600)	n/a	229.3 (12.88)	49.77 (2.80)	n/a
Scenario 5: Full starch conversion	420.7 (2.829)^#	291.2 (16.38)	229.3 (12.88)	49.77 (2.80)	2.145 (0.12)
Scenario 6: Complete fiber conversion plus full starch conversion	457.6 (3.078)^#	226.3 (12.67)	229.3 (12.88)	49.77 (2.80)	2.145 (0.12)

^aCommercial or ‘as is’ basis. Dry matter contents of 89.31%, 87.13%, and 90.04% for DDGS, CGF and CGM, respectively[40]. ^bWeighted industry averages. DDGS, distillers dried grains with solubles; CGF, corn gluten feed; CGM, corn gluten meal.