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Table 2 Experimental results from HTL of yeast biomass; biocrude yield, properties, and product and energy recovery

From: Oleaginous yeast platform for producing biofuels via co-solvent hydrothermal liquefaction

 

Non-catalytic HTL, w/o co-solvent

Catalytic HTLa, w/o co-solvent

Non-catalytic HTL, with co-solventb

Catalytic HTLa, with co-solvent

Temperature/reactor type

300 °C, 2-L

300 °C, 2-L

240 °C, 2-chamber

240 °C, 2-chamber

Mass balance

 Biocrude recoveryc, %

49.11

52.61

56.38

57.94

 Solids recovery, %

20.06

21.35

30.65

32.83

 Gaseous recovery, %

1.09

1.18

nd

nd

 NVR recovery, %

16.28

10.34

1.46

1.26

 Total mass recovery, %

86.54

85.48

88.49

92.03

 Mass lost, %

13.46

14.52

11.51

7.97

Biocrude composition and properties

 C, %

77.54

77.68

74.67

73.19

 H, %

11.51

11.38

12.56

11.68

 N, %

1.96

2.19

0.51

1.79

 Od, %

12.73

12.91

12.58

14.32

 Oe/C

0.12

0.12

0.13

0.15

 Ne/C

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.02

 Ash, %

0.06

0.03

0.05

0.04

 HHV, MJ kg−1

36.55

37.00

36.65

37.01

 ERbiocrude, %

72.14

78.25

83.05

86.20

  1. All HTL runs were performed for 30 min residence time. In case of catalytic runs the initial mass of catalysts were not included for the % mass lost calculation
  2. HHV higher heating value, ER biocrude energy recovery in biocrude
  3. aCatalyst was Na2CO3 (5 % (w/w) of feedstock)
  4. bCo-solvent was isopropanol (1:1, in water)
  5. cBiocrude yield was the combined mass of DCM soluble and acetone soluble compounds in Fig. 7
  6. dBy difference
  7. eAtomic ratio