From: Oleaginous yeast platform for producing biofuels via co-solvent hydrothermal liquefaction
 | Non-catalytic HTL, w/o co-solvent | Catalytic HTLa, w/o co-solvent | Non-catalytic HTL, with co-solventb | Catalytic HTLa, with co-solvent |
---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature/reactor type | 300 °C, 2-L | 300 °C, 2-L | 240 °C, 2-chamber | 240 °C, 2-chamber |
Mass balance | ||||
 Biocrude recoveryc, % | 49.11 | 52.61 | 56.38 | 57.94 |
 Solids recovery, % | 20.06 | 21.35 | 30.65 | 32.83 |
 Gaseous recovery, % | 1.09 | 1.18 | nd | nd |
 NVR recovery, % | 16.28 | 10.34 | 1.46 | 1.26 |
 Total mass recovery, % | 86.54 | 85.48 | 88.49 | 92.03 |
 Mass lost, % | 13.46 | 14.52 | 11.51 | 7.97 |
Biocrude composition and properties | ||||
 C, % | 77.54 | 77.68 | 74.67 | 73.19 |
 H, % | 11.51 | 11.38 | 12.56 | 11.68 |
 N, % | 1.96 | 2.19 | 0.51 | 1.79 |
 Od, % | 12.73 | 12.91 | 12.58 | 14.32 |
 Oe/C | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.15 |
 Ne/C | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
 Ash, % | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
 HHV, MJ kg−1 | 36.55 | 37.00 | 36.65 | 37.01 |
 ERbiocrude, % | 72.14 | 78.25 | 83.05 | 86.20 |