Table 2 Transcriptional changes on the cellular hallmarks of N starvation
Trend | Pathway | Representative examples | Timestamp |
|---|---|---|---|
Up | Pentose phosphate pathway | Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | 18Â min |
Purine catabolism | Xanthine dehydrogenase Adenosine deaminase | 18–30 min | |
Urea metabolism | Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase Ornithine transcarbamylase Agmatine deiminase Allophanate hydrolase Urea carboxylase | 24–30 min | |
Glutamine metabolism | Glutamine synthetase | 30Â min | |
Polyamines oxidation | Copper amine oxidase | 18 min–2 h | |
TAG biosynthesis | Diacylglycerol acyltransferase | 24–45 min | |
Down | FA β-oxidation | Acyl-CoA oxidases 2,4 dienoyl-CoA reductase | 24 min |
Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis | Adenylosuccinate synthase Uridine 5′-monophosphate synthase | 24 min | |
FA biosynthesis | 3-ketoacyl-CoA-synthase Biotin synthase Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, 3-ketoacyl-ACP reductase | 24–45 min | |
Translation | Translation initiation factors Translation elongation factors Release factors | 24 min–4 h | |
Amino acid biosynthesis | Threonine deaminase Shikimate dehydrogenase Dihydrodipicolinate synthase 3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase | 24–30 min | |
Protein folding | Chaperonins | 45Â min | |
Calvin cycle | Triose phosphate isomerase Transketolase Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase | 45Â min | |
Carbon concentrating mechanism | Malate dehydrogenase | 45Â min | |
Polyamines biosynthesis | Ornithine decarboxylase Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase Spermidine synthase | 45 min–4 h | |
Glycerolipid metabolism | Phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase | 45 min–4 h | |
Chlorophyll biosynthesis | Chlorophyll synthase Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase Geranylgeranyl reductase Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase | 60 min–4 h | |
Two-component peroxide-detoxifying system | NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase 2-Cys peroxiredoxin Peroxidase | 2Â h | |
Photosynthesis | Ferredoxin Photosystem I and II proteins ATP synthase Cytochrome b6f complex subunits PsbP | 2–8 h | |
Glutathione-ascorbate cycle | Ascorbate peroxidase Prohibitin, thioredoxin | 4Â h | |
Glycolysis | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase | 4Â h |