Fig. 3From: Bioenergetic constraints for conversion of syngas to biofuels in acetogenic bacteriaBioenergetics of acetate formation from CO in A. woodii. The reducing equivalents for the reductive steps in the WLP are provided by the CO-oxidizing CODH/ACS which reduces Fd. Excess Fd2− is oxidized by the Rnf complex which reduces NAD+ and builds up a Na+ gradient. This gradient drives ATP synthesis via the Na+-dependent ATP synthase. The electron-bifurcating hydrogenase provides the H2 required for the reduction of CO2 to formate. In total, 1.5 ATP could be synthesized per acetate produced. THF tetrahydrofolate; CoFeS corrinoid–iron-sulfur protein; CODH/ACS carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthaseBack to article page