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Table 2 Overview of volumetric and areal productivities and photosynthetic efficiencies (PEsunlight) for different photobioreactors outdoors reported in literature

From: Comparison of four outdoor pilot-scale photobioreactors

Photobioreactor

Optical path (cm)

Algal species

P x,vol (g L−1 day−1)

P x,ground (g m−2 day−1)

PEsunlight (%)

Author

Location

Horizontal tubular

4.3

Nannochloropsis sp.

0.51–0.76

13–19.5a

2.3–3.5a

[19]

Italy

Horizontal tubular

9.0

Nannochloropsis gaditana

0.12–0.20

10.8–18.0

0.7–1.04a

[15]

Almeria Spain

Horizontal tubular

4.6

Nannochloropsis sp.

0.30–0.85

5.8–15.7

1.2–1.8

This study

The Netherlands

Vertical panel

1.2

Nannochloropsis sp.

0.61–1.45

5.8–10.2

2.0–3.5a

[17]

Artificial light

Vertical tubular

10.4

Scenedesmus obliquus

?

21.76

2.5a

[20]

South Spain

Vertical tubular

5

Nannochloropsis gaditana

0.59

15.4

[18]

Almeria Spain

Vertical tubular

4.6

Nannochloropsis sp.

0.31–0.71

10.6–24.4

2.4–4.2

This study

The Netherlands

Raceway pond

30

Scenedesmus obliquus

0.03

8.26

0.95a

[20]

South Spain

Raceway pond

30

Muriellopsis sp.

0.04

8–20

0.97–0.69a

[21]

South Spain

Raceway pond

12

Nannochloropsis salina

0.2

24.5

[23]

Israel

Raceway pond

11

Nannochloropsis gaditana

0.09–0.19

22.4

[22]

Almeria Spain

Raceway pond

20

Nannochloropsis sp.

0.03–0.08

6.2–14.0

0.5–1.5

This study

The Netherlands

Flat panel

1.3–17

Nannochloropsis sp.

1.7–0.25

11–22

[5]

Israel

Flat panel

10

Nannochloropsis sp.

0.27

14.2

[28]

Israel

Flat panel

5

Nannochloropsis gaditana

0.16–0.36

8–18

1.74–0.31a

[15]

Almeria Spain

Flat panel

4.5

Nannochloropsis sp.

0.36

15.8

0.96a

[16]

Italy

Flat panel

5

Nannochloropsis oculata

0.15–0.37

 

[29]

Colorado, USA

Flat panel

2

Nannochloropsis sp.

0.9–1.2

20.5–27.5

2.7–3.8

This study

The Netherlands

  1. The values for the raceway pond and FP for this study were collected in summer 2013. For both tubular photobioreactors average productivities and photosynthetic efficiencies were used to indicate the range of productivities and photosynthetic efficiencies; average data were obtained over the period from July to December 2013
  2. aCalculated based on the illuminated area, not considering the ground area occupied by the photobioreactor