Table 1 Summary of pretreatment methods
Pretreatment methods | Conditions | Advantage | Disadvantage | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Steam explosion | 1.3 Mpa 190 °C 15 min | Hemicelluloses removal | Acid catalyst needed Formation of inhibitors | [22] |
AFEX | Anhydrous ammonia 60–100 °C 250–300 psi | Lignin removal Cellulose decrystallization | High energy | [23] |
Dilute acids | HCl/H2SO4 130–200 °C | Hemicelluloses removal | Formation of inhibitors Neutralization step | [24] |
Ionic-liquid | 90–200 °C 1–24 h | Break-up cellulose crystalline | Expensive | [25] |
HPAC | CH3COOH:H2O2 80 °C, <2 h | Effectively lignin removal | Hemicellulose loss | Present work |