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Table 3 Potential materials of construction for mills to grind dilute acid-pretreated samples. Corrosion rate tests were performed at the sulfuric acid boiling temperature [47]

From: Promise of combined hydrothermal/chemical and mechanical refining for pretreatment of woody and herbaceous biomass

Material

Condition, other factors and comments

Concentration (%)

Duration (h)

Corrosive rate (mm/year)

Irons and steels

 Altemp A-286

Solution treated

10

NRa

0.75

 Stainless steels

  AL 29-4-2

Diluteb

10

NR

0.46

  Altemp 625

Diluteb

10

NR

0.64

  E-Brite

Dilute, nonactivated

5

48

0.356

  Type 316 stainless steel

NR

0.25

24

0.0686

 Titanium

  Ti-3-8-6-4-4

Plus 1 g/L FeCl3

10

NR

0.15

  Ti-3A1-2.5 V

ASTM grade 9

0.5

NR

0.35

  Titanium

Grade 7 plus 16 g/L Fe2(CO4)3

10

NR

0.178

  Titanium

Grade 12. naturally aerated

1

NR

0.91

 Tantalum

  Tantalum

NR

10

NR

<0.02

 Alloys

  Alloy C-22

NR

20

NR

0.838

  Alloy C-4

NR

10

NR

0.787

 Alloys

  Ferralium

NR

5

NR

0.30

  Hastelloy B

SO2 purge

10

NR

0.05–0.25

  Hastelloy B-2

SO2 purge

10

NR

0.05–0.25

  Hastelloy C

Lab test

10

120

>0.25–0.51

  Hastelloy G

Lab test

10

120

>0.25–0.51

  Hastelloy G-3

Lab test

10

120

>0.25–0.51

  Hastelloy G-30

Plus 42 g/L Fe2(SO4)3

50

NR

0.171

  Hastelloy G-30

Plus 10 % nitric acid

50

NR

0.406

  Inconel 617

Average of two tests

5

NR

0.61

 Others

  Columbiumc

 

10

NR

<0.12

  Niobium

NR

10

NR

0.125

  1. aNR means not reported
  2. bActivated before tests
  3. cSusceptible to embrittlement