Sample | Pretreatmenta | Milling energy (kWh/ton)b, c | Sugar yield (%)d | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hardwood chips | Sodium carbonate | NAe | 42.11 (total sugar) | [53] |
Sodium carbonate + PFI milling | 360–1800 | 46.90–53.12 (total sugar) | ||
Sodium carbonate + disk milling (12 inch diameter) | 698 | 69.51 (total sugar) | ||
Sodium carbonate + disk milling (42 inch diameter) | 67–147 | 62.48–66.51 (total sugar) | ||
Japanese cedar | Ozonolysis | NA | 28–68 (glucose) | [54] |
Disk milling | 4167–26,389 | 29–44 (xylose) | ||
Ozonolysis + disk milling | 8333–22,222 | 38–75 (glucose) | ||
 |  | 26–45 (xylose) | ||
71–94 (glucose) | ||||
44–59 (xylose) | ||||
Lodgepole pine trees | Disk milling | 615.9 | 11.3 (glucose) | [52] |
Hot water (initial pH 5.0)Â +Â disk milling | 537.0 | 33.1 (glucose) | ||
Acid (initial pH 1.1)Â +Â disk milling | 335.6 | 39.6 (glucose) | ||
SPORL (initial pH 4.2)Â +Â disk milling | 499.3 | 84.1 (glucose) | ||
SPORL (initial pH 1.9)Â +Â disk milling | 134.5 | 92.2 (glucose) | ||
Eucalypt chips | Disk milling | 990 | 72.94 (total sugar) | [65] |
Sodium hydroxide impregnation + disk milling | 630 | 80.77 (total sugar) | ||
Magnesium hydroxide impregnation + disk milling | 430 | 91.53 (total sugar) | ||
Hinoki cypress eucalyptus chips | Disk milling | 853 | 50 (glucose) | [73] |
Steam treatment + disk milling | 744–1489 | 96.8 (glucose) | ||
Eucalyptus chips | Disk milling | 408 | 45 (glucose) | |
Steam treatment + disk milling | 192–458 | 98.4 (glucose) | ||
Eucalyptus chips | Hot water | NA | 50 (glucose) | [55] |
Hot water + disk milling | 167 | 101.7 (glucose) | ||
Eucalyptus chips | Hot water | NA | 3.1–65.2 (total sugar) | [37] |
Hot water + ball milling | 1436 | 45.6–66.7 (total sugar) | ||
Rice straw | Hot water | NA | 97.5 (glucose) | [62] |
Hot water + mechanical refining | 250–583 | 97.3–99.5 (glucose) | ||
Oil palm mesocarp fiber | Disk milling | 5250 | 30.2 (glucose) | [56] |
Superheated steam + disk milling | 1417–3028 | 30.6 (xylose) | ||
Hot water + disk milling | 4083–4972 | 26.0–47.8 (glucose) | ||
 |  | 24.1–42.1 (xylose) | ||
46.3–91.1 (glucose) | ||||
10.1–54.3 (xylose) | ||||
Corn stover | Alkali deacetylation + disk milling (36 inch diameter) | 128–468 | 85.9–91.7 (glucose) | [42] |
81.1–86.2 (xylose) | ||||
Sugarcane bagasse | Alkaline + disk milling | 11,111 | 77 (glucose) | [63] |
67 (xylose) | ||||
Sugarcane bagasse | Hot water | NA | 72.1–78.7 (total sugar) | [75] |
Hot water + PFI refining |  | 82.1–87.2 (total sugar) | ||
Wheat straw | Hot water | NA | 28.1–72.4 (total sugar) | [59] |
Hot water + PFI refining |  | 28.3–75.5 (total sugar) | ||
Oil palm mesocarp fiber | Ball milling | NRf | 7.3–10.3 (glucose) | [38] |
Alkaline |  | 12.2–14.9 (xylose) | ||
Alkaline + ball milling |  | 39.6–63.9 (glucose) | ||
 |  | 21.1–46.5 (xylose) | ||
97.3 (glucose) | Â | |||
63.2 (xylose) | ||||
Corn stover | Acid impregnation + dilute acid | NA | 69–73 (glucose) | [58] |
Alkali deacetylation + acid impregnation + dilute acid |  | 55–58 (xylose) | ||
Acid impregnation + dilute acid + PFI refining |  | 80–83 (glucose) | ||
Alkali deacetylation + acid impregnation + dilute acid + PFI refining |  | 76–80 (xylose) | ||
 |  | 85 (glucose) | ||
75 (xylose) | ||||
90 (glucose) | ||||
92 (xylose) | ||||
Corn stover | Alkali deacetylation + acid impregnation + steam explosion + PFI refining | NR | 79–83 (glucose) | [49] |
Alkali deacetylation + acid impregnation + steam explosion + extruder |  | 50–55 (xylose) | ||
Alkali deacetylation + acid impregnation + steam explosion + food processor/blending |  | 82–83 (glucose) | ||
Alkali deacetylation + acid impregnation + steam explosion + disk milling (12 inch) |  | 56–58 (xylose) | ||
Alkali deacetylation + acid impregnation + dilute acid (pilot-scale) |  | 71–75 (glucose) | ||
Alkali deacetylation + acid impregnation + dilute acid pretreatment (pilot-scale) + Szego milling |  | 49–51 (xylose) | ||
 |  | 75–78 (glucose) | ||
52–54 (xylose) | ||||
82 (glucose) | ||||
80 (xylose) | ||||
90–95 (glucose) | ||||
85–90 (xylose) | ||||
Eucalyptus chips | Hot water | NA | 73.19 (glucose) | [72] |
Hot water + disk milling |  | 90.45 (xylose) | ||
 |  | 91.62 (glucose) | ||
88.12 (xylose) | ||||
Rice straw | Disk milling | NR | 86 (glucose) | [60] |
Hot water + disk milling |  | 40 (xylose) | ||
 |  | 110 (glucose) | ||
84 (xylose) |