Energy-efficient biomass processing with pulsed electric fields for bioeconomy and sustainable development

Table 1 Reversible and irreversible electroporation pathways in biorefinery applications

Biorefinery application	Electroporation mode
Delivery of genes to improve feedstock phenotype and resistance	Reversible
Dehydration	Irreversible^a
High-value products extraction	Irreversible
Biomass pretreatment	Irreversible^a
Conversion into biofuels	Reversible and irreversible
Waste treatment	Irreversible

ISSN: 2731-3654