Fig. 1

Growth of bacterial strain and reducing sugars production (a); percentage of weight loss for total rice straw (b), cellulose (c), hemicellulose (d), and lignin (e) in the presence (RS + DMSO) and absence (RS) of DMSO. Enzymes activities of endoglucanase, exoglucanase, xylanase, lignin peroxidase, and laccase in the absence (f) and presence of DMSO (g) during the degradation of rice straw by P. ananatis Sd-1. Control: non-inoculated cultures. The values represent the means of three replicates with the standard deviation (SD). The asterisks attached to data points represent statistically significant differences when DMSO was added versus not added. (statistical significance: ***P < 0.001)