Fig. 1

Pretreatments changed the composition and properties of the lignocellulosic substrates. a Substrate composition as measured from the monosaccharide profile of the acid hydrolysates of the untreated and pretreated straw, and acetyl bromide determination of lignin. b Crystallinity of the untreated and pretreated straw. Cell-I or cell-II refers to the predominant type of cellulose in the untreated and pretreated straw. c Saccharification of substrates in standard type saccharification assays as measured by release or glucose and xylose. The error bars represent standard errors (n = 3)