Table 1 Composition of untreated (raw) and hydrothermally pretreated (severity factor: log R ₀) biomass feedstocks

3.4 ± 0.1 ^a

1.4 ± 0.1 ^a

43.7 ± 0.7 ^c

23.8 ± 0.1 ^a

0.5 ± 0.0 ^a

19.4 ± 1.3 ^c

2.3 ± 0.1

6.7 ± 0.6

0.7 ± 0.1^d

0.4 ± 0.0^c

55.5 ± 3.1^ab

14.7 ± 0.8^c

0.2 ± 0.0^c

23.8 ± 2.3^c

4.1 ± 0.5

0.4 ± 0.0^e

0.2 ± 0.0^efg

55.7 ± 1.3^ab

11.2 ± 0.5^de

0.1 ± 0.0^d

22.4 ± 0.8^c

4.6 ± 1.2

0.2 ± 0.0^fg

0.1 ± 0.0 ^g

61.2 ± 1.1^a

6.4 ± 0.1^g

0.1 ± 0.0^d

19.9 ± 3.9^c

3.4 ± 0.2

3.0 ± 0.1 ^b

0.9 ± 0.0 ^b

38.6 ± 0.2 ^c

19.9 ± 0.4 ^b

0.3 ± 0.0 ^b

23.2 ± 0.2 ^c

2.2 ± 0.1

8.6 ± 0.3

0.6 ± 0.0^d

0.3 ± 0.0 ^cd

53.6 ± 2.6^b

11.3 ± 0.4^d

0.3 ± 0.0^b

32.5 ± 2.1^ab

1.1 ± 0.0

0.4 ± 0.0^e

0.2 ± 0.0^de

54.7 ± 2.8^b

7.8 ± 0.6^f

0.3 ± 0.0^b

32.2 ± 0.5^ab

1.5 ± 0.0

0.2 ± 0.0^fg

0.2 ± 0.0^ef

55.9 ± 2.1^ab

4.5 ± 0.2 ^h

0.3 ± 0.0^b

35.6 ± 0.3^a

1.6 ± 0.0

2.8 ± 0.0 ^c

0.9 ± 0.0 ^b

41.3 ± 0.2 ^c

24.9 ± 0.7 ^a

0.5 ± 0.0 ^a

21.4 ± 0.2 ^c

1.3 ± 0.0

10.6 ± 0.3

0.7 ± 0.0^d

0.3 ± 0.0 ^cd

54.8 ± 0.6^ab

14.7 ± 0.0^c

0.5 ± 0.0^a

29.3 ± 0.7^b

1.4 ± 0.1

0.3 ± 0.0^f

0.2 ± 0.0^def

58.2 ± 4.7^ab

9.8 ± 0.4^e

0.5 ± 0.0^a

30.8 ± 0.7^b

1.1 ± 0.2

0.1 ± 0.0 ^g

0.1 ± 0.0 ^fg

61.2 ± 2.5^a

6.5 ± 0.2 ^g

0.5 ± 0.0^a

30.3 ± 1.1^b

1.0 ± 0.1