Fig. 4

Kinetics of crystalline cellulose consumption by Clostridium sp. DBT-IOC-C19. Kinetics of crystalline cellulose (10 g L⁻¹ avicel) consumption and metabolite concentrations obtained within 144 h of batch culture of strain DBT-IOC-C19 as a function of initial cellulose concentration. Fermentation of crystalline cellulose was monitored by measuring pH, acetate, lactate, ethanol, and residual cellulose concentration was determined by dry weight basis. Each data value represents average with error bars (±) showing standard deviations calculated from triplicate fermentations. All metabolite concentrations are different with a statistical significance [ANOVA Tukey’s test, ***p < 0.001, ** 0.01 > p > 0.001, and * 0.05 > p > 0.01], calculated at 144 h