Fig. 1

Field trial establishment, syllepsis of RAV1-engineered poplars and RAV1-protein abundances during the first cultivation cycle. a Image of the field trial once established (July 2012). b Sylleptic branches on the apical segment of the main stem in the representative event CsRAV1 OX#60 (white arrows), as opposed to wild-type (WT), and event PtaRAV1&2 KD#1 (November 2012); bar 10 cm. c Densities of sylleptic branches on the main stem of WT and CsRAV1-overexpression and PtaRAV1&2-knockdown transgenic poplars at the end of the establishment year (December 2012). Bars represent average values ± SE (CsRAV1 OX#60 n = 30, CsRAV1 OX#37 n = 30, WT n = 29, PtaRAV1&2 KD#22 n = 25, PtaRAV1&2 KD#1 n = 30). d Upper panel Western blot of the chestnut transgenic protein CsRAV1 tagged to 3xHA in both CsRAV1-overexpression events tested and the WT. Lower panel Western blot of the poplar endogenous protein PtaRAV1 in all four transgenics and the WT as control. Membranes were stained with Ponceau to ensure equal sample loading