Table 2 Comparison of transcription factors involved in plant biomass utilization

XlnR/XLR1/XYR1

Zn₂Cys₆

GGCTRRR or GGC(A/T)₃

(Hemi)-cellulose utilization

Unknown

“The (hemi-)cellulolytic regulator XlnR/XYR1/XLR1”

Aspergillus spp., Trichoderma spp., Fusarium spp., N. crassa, M. oryzae, P. canescens, T. cellulolyticus

[8, 84*]

AraR

Zn₂Cys₆

Unknown

l-Arabinose utilization

Unknown

“ l-Arabinose-responsive regulators (AraR and ARA1)”

Aspergillus spp.

[55, 112*]

ARA1

Zn₂Cys₆

Unknown

l-Arabinose utilization

Unknown

“ l-Arabinose-responsive regulators (AraR and ARA1)”

Magnaporthe oryzae

[102*]

CLR-1/ClrA

Zn₂Cys₆

CGGN₅CGGNCCG

Cellulose utilization

Unknown

“ Neurospora crassa cellulose regulators CLR-1 and CLR-2 and their homologs”

N. crassa, Aspergillus spp.

[98*, 114, 119]

CLR-2/ClrB/ManR

Zn₂Cys₆

CGGN₁₁CGG or YAGAAT

Cellulose utilization

Unknown

“ Neurospora crassa cellulose regulators CLR-1 and CLR-2 and their homologs”

N. crassa, Aspergillus spp., T. cellulolyticus, P. oxalicum

[98*, 114, 119]

ACE2

Zn₂Cys₆

GGCTAATAA or GGC(T/A)₄ or XAE

Cellulose utilization

Unknown

“Specific activators of cellulase gene expression in T. reesei: ACE2 and ACE3”

Trichoderma reesei

[126]*

ACE3

Zn₂Cys₆

Unknown

Cellulose utilization

Unknown

“Specific activators of cellulase gene expression in T. reesei: ACE2 and ACE3”

Trichoderma reesei

[121]*

AmyR

Zn₂Cys₆

CGGN₈(C/A)GG or CGGAAATTTAA

Starch utilization

Unknown

“Amylolytic regulation: AmyR and MalR”

Aspergillus spp.

[129,130,131]

MalR

Zn₂Cys₆

Unknown

Maltose utilization

Unknown

“Amylolytic regulation: AmyR and MalR”

Aspergillus spp.

[128, 137*]

BglR/COL-26

Zn₂Cys₆

Unknown

Sugar sensing

BGL repressor

“Glucose-sensing regulator: BglR and COL-26”

Trichoderma reesei, Neurospora crassa

[99, 118, 139*]

ClbR

Zn₂Cys₆

CGG OR CCG

Cellobiose utilization

Unknown

“ClbR: cellobiose response regulator”

Aspergillius aculeatus

[17, 140*]

RhaR

Zn₂Cys₆

Unknown

l-Rhamnose utilization

Unknown

“Pectinolytic regulation: RhaR, GaaR, AraR and GaaX”

Aspergillus spp.

[42, 144*]

GaaR

Zn₂Cys₆

TCCNCCAAT

Galacturonic acid utilization

Unknown

“Pectinolytic regulation: RhaR, GaaR, AraR and GaaX”

Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus niger

[146, 147*]

InuR

Zn₂Cys₆

CGGN₈CGG

Inulin utilization

Unknown

“Inulinolytic regulation: InuR”

Aspergillus niger

[37, 148*]

GalX

Zn₂Cys₆

Unknown

d-Galactose utilization

Unknown

“ d-Galactose-responsive regulators: GalR and GalX”

Aspergillus spp.

[152*]

GalR

Zn₂Cys₆

Unknown

d-Galactose utilization

Unknown

“ d-Galactose-responsive regulators: GalR and GalX”

Aspergillus nidulans

[113, 149*]

GaaX

Unknown

Unknown

Galacturonic acid repressor

Unknown

“Pectinolytic regulation: RhaR, GaaR, AraR and GaaX”

Aspergillus niger

[146]

CreA/CRE1

Cys₂His₂

SYGGRG

Carbon catabolite repression

Unknown

“Carbon catabolite repression: CreA/1”

Aspergillus spp., Trichoderma spp., N. crassa, etc.

[156, 157*]

ACE1

Cys₂His₂

Unclear

Cellulase repression

Unknown

“Activator of cellulase expression 1 in T. reesei and hemicellulase regulator 1 in N. crassa ”

Trichoderma reesei

[125, 198]

HCR-1

Cys₂His₂

Unknown

Hemicellulase repressor

Unknown

“Activator of cellulase expression 1 in T. reesei and hemicellulase regulator 1 in N. crassa ”

Neurospora crassa

[199]

McmA

MADS-box

CC(A/T)₆GG

Cellulase regulation

Unknown

“McmA”

Aspergillus nidulans

[124*]

XPP1

E-box–HLH

WCTAGW + AGAA

1°–2° metabolism switch

Xylanases repressor

“Xylanase promoter-binding protein (XPP1)”

Trichoderma reesei

[206, 207]

VIB1

p53-like

Unknown

C-derepression

CLR-2 induction, cellulases induction

“The (hemi-)cellulolytic regulator XlnR/XYR1/XLR1”

Neurospora crassa

[99]

HAP complex

CBF

CCAAT

Chromatin remodeling, respiratory metabolism

CAZy regulation

“Chromatin access”

Aspergillus spp., N. crassa, Trichoderma spp., etc.

[213,214,215,216]

WC-1/BLR1

GATA

WGATAR

Blue light/UV-A response, circadian rhythms

1° metabolism response, (hemi)-cellulose utilization

“Light effect”

Neurospora crassa, Trichoderma spp.

[221, 235, 241]

WC-2/BLR2

GATA

WGATAR

Blue light/UV-A response, circadian rhythms

1° metabolism response, (hemi)-cellulose utilization

“Light effect”

Neurospora crassa, Trichoderma spp.

[221, 234, 235]

VeA/VEL1

Velvet

Unknown

Light response

2° metabolism response, (a)sexual development

“Light effect”

Aspergillus spp., Trichoderma spp., N. crassa, Fusarium spp., etc.

[204, 205, 224]

VelB

Velvet

Unknown

Light response

2° metabolism

“Light effect”

Aspergillus spp.

[212, 224]

AreA/NIR2

Cys₂Cys₂

HGATAR

N-assimilation/sensing

Chromatin remodeling

“TFs involved in nitrogen and pH regulation”

Neurospora crassa, Aspergillus spp.

[261, 262, 267]

AreB

GATA

Unknown

Nitrogen metabolite repression

Morphology and asexual development

“TFs involved in nitrogen and pH regulation”

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Aspergillus spp.

[258, 267, 268]

NmrA/1

Rossmann fold

Unknown

Nitrogen metabolite repression

Unknown

“TFs involved in nitrogen and pH regulation”

Aspergillus spp., Neurospora crassa

[260, 266, 267]

NirA/NIT-4

Zn₂Cys₆

Unknown

Nitrate pathway

Unknown

“TFs involved in nitrogen and pH regulation”

Aspergillus spp., Neurospora crassa

[263, 264]

PacC/1

Cys₂His₂

GCCARG

Alkaline pH response

Unknown

“TFs involved in nitrogen and pH regulation”

Aspergillus spp., T. reesei, N. crassa

[271, 276, 283]

PacX

Zn₂Cys₆

Unknown

PacC repressor

Unknown

“TFs involved in nitrogen and pH regulation”

Aspergillus nidulans

[282]