Fig. 3

Observations of plant cell wall structures in the OsSUS3-transgenic rice plants. a Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the second internode stem at the heading stage of rice: sclerenchyma cells (SC); vascular bundle cells (VB); and parenchyma cells (PC) (scale bars as 20 μm). b Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the sclerenchyma cell walls (PCW primary cell wall, SCW secondary cell wall; scale bars = 400 nm). c Quantitative measurement of cell wall thickness by TEM in b (20 cells). d Calcofluor (white) staining specific for cellulose (scale bars as 100 μm). e Immunohistochemical staining (green) specific for xylan, using CCRC-M147 antibody (scale bars as 100 μm). f Cell wall compositions of mature stems including cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. All data are given as mean ± SD; Student’s t test between ZH11 and transgenic plants as **P < 0.01 and *P < 0.05 (n = 3)