Table 6 Comparison of biodiesel properties derived from YMW larvae fed on corn stover and BSF larvae fed with YMW frass with European biodiesel standard (EN14214), and biodiesels derived from waste cooking oils and feed crops
From: Insect biorefinery: a green approach for conversion of crop residues into biodiesel and protein
Properties | YMW biodiesel | BSF biodiesel | EN14214 | Waste sunflower oil [52] | Neem oil biodiesel [53] | Cotton seed oil biodiesel [54] | Soybean biodiesel [55] | Corn biodiesel [55] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density (kg/m3) | 876 | 872.8 | 860–900 | 860 | 888 | 871 | 864 | 885 | 880 |
Viscosity at 40 °C (mm2/s) | 4.51 | 3.284 | 3.5–5.0 | 4 | 4.42 | 4.63 | 4.14 | 4.08 | 3.4 |
Sulfur content (wt%) | ND | ND | 0.02 (max.) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Ester content (%) | 97.2 | 96.9 | 97 | 98.2 | 99.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Water content (mg/kg) | 260 | 180 | 500 (max.) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Flash point (°C) | 156 | 122 | 120 (min.) | 155 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Solidifying point (C) | − 2 | − 8 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Cetane index | 52 | 50 | 51 (min.) | 56 | 51.4 | 53.5 | 52 | 52 | 58 |
Acid number (mg KOH/g) | 0.27 | 0.2 | 0.5 (max.) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.15 | NA |
Distillation temperature (°C) | 362 | 355 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |