Gene name | BESC ID | Transgene origin | Expression system | Gene in expression vector | Expression vector | Eventsa | Target expression levelb | Visual phenotype | Comments | PIc | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4-Coumarate: coenzyme A ligase (4CL) | 180 | Switchgrass | KD | Yes | pVT1629 | 100 | 80% decrease | Brown and red pigment in shootsd | Â | 2 | |
Cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H) | 182 | Switchgrass | KD | Yes | pANIC 4B | 9 | 50% decrease | Normal growth | No change in lignin or S/G monomer ratio | 2 | [48] |
Hydroxycinnamoyl CoA: shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT1) | 184-1e | Switchgrass | KD | Yes | pANIC 8A | 28 | 0–95% decrease | Normal growth | Revised to target HCT1. No change in lignin content or composition | 7 | This report |
Hydroxycinnamoyl CoA: shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT2) | 184-2e | Switchgrass | KD | Yes | pANIC 8A | 41 | 0–90% decrease | Normal growth | Revised to target HCT2. Increase in H lignin monomer in majority of transgenic lines analyzed. No change in lignin content. | 7 | This report |
Caffeoyl CoA 3-O-methyl transferase (CCoAOMT) | 186 | Switchgrass | KD | Yes | pANIC8A | 17 | 0–90% decrease | Normal growth | No change in lignin content or composition | 7 | [48] |
Coumaroyl shikimate 3′-hydroxylase (C3′H) | 264 | Switchgrass | KD | Yes | pANIC 4A | 48 | 0–80% decrease | Normal growth | No change in lignin content or composition | 7 |  |
VirE2-interactor protein (VIP2) | 266 | Arabidopsis | OE | No | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comments) | Not applicable (see comment) | Gene not clonable | 7 | Â |
Arabinosyl transferase 1 (Rra1 reduced residual arabinose) | 274 | Switchgrass | KD | No | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comments) | Not applicable (see comment) | Gene not clonable | 3 | Â |
Endoxylanase (PttXyn10A) /Endoxylanase | 282 | Switchgrass | OE | No | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comments) | Not applicable (see comment) | Gene not clonable | 3 | Â |
LIM transcription factor (LIM 1) | 292 | Switchgrass | OE | No | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comments) | Not applicable (see comment) | Gene not clonable | 2 | Â |
R2R3-MYB transcription factor (MYB4) | 294 | Switchgrass | OE | Yes | pANIC 2B | 5 | ninefold to 11-fold increase | Varying impacts on growth, from reduced to increased yield | Â | 2 | |
Gibberellin 20-oxidase (GA20-ox) | 318 | Foxtail millet | OE | Yes | pANIC 10A | 3 | No change | Normal growth. No change in biomass yield | No change in lignin content, S/G monomer ratio or sugar release | 4 | Â |
Gibberellin 20-oxidase (GA20-ox) | 319 | Switchgrass | KD | Yes | pANIC 12A | 6 | No change | Normal growth. No change in biomass yield | No change in lignin content, S/G monomer ratio or sugar release | 4 | Â |
NAC transcription factor (NAC 2) | 321 | Switchgrass | OE | No | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Gene not clonable | 1 | Â |
Peroxidase-30 | 324 | Switchgrass | OE | Yes | pANIC 6A | 52 | Not done | Normal growth | No change in lignin content or composition | 5 | Â |
Dirigent protein | 327 | Switchgrass | OE | Yes | pANIC 6A | 23 | Not done | Normal growth | No change in lignin content or composition | 5 | Â |
Dirigent protein | 328 | Switchgrass | KD | Yes | pANIC 8A | 30 | Not done | Normal growth | Full length construct in antisense orientation. No change in lignin content or composition | 5 | Â |
Peroxidase-1 | 343 | Switchgrass | FKD | Yes | pANIC 8A | 19 | Not done | Normal growth | No change in lignin content or composition | 5 | Â |
NAC transcription factor (NAC-AP2) | 348 | Switchgrass | OE | Yes | pCAMBIA 1305 | 65 | 21-fold to 65-fold increase | Increased biomass yield in greenhouse | Â | 6 | [63] |
NAC transcription factor (NAC-AP2) | 349 | Switchgrass | FKD | Yes | pSTARGATE | 6 | No change | Â | Discontinued (regenerated plants were false positive) | 6 | Â |
NAC transcription factor (NAC 033) | 350 | Switchgrass | OE | No | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Gene not clonable | 2 | Â |
Dirigent protein-2 | 356 | Switchgrass | KD | Yes | pANIC 8A | 23 | Not done | Normal growth | Â | 5 | Â |
Sucrose synthase 1 (SUS1) | 413 | Switchgrass | OE | Yes | pANIC 10A | 5 | twofold to sevenfold increase | Increased plant height, tiller number and biomass yield. | Increased lignin | 4 | [64] |
Cellulose synthase-like; subfamily D (CslD4) | 540 | Switchgrass | OE | Yes | pANIC 10A | 10 | Not done | Normal growth | Under further analysis | 3 | Â |
Cellulose synthase-like; subfamily J (CslJ) | 543 | Switchgrass | OE | Yes | pANIC 10A | 11 | Not done | Normal growth | Under further analysis | 3 | Â |
Cellulose synthase-like; subfamily F (CslF6) | 549 | Switchgrass | OE | Yes | pANIC 10A | 23 | Not done | Normal growth | Under further analysis | 3 | Â |
Cellulose synthase-like; subfamily F (CslF9) | 552 | Switchgrass | OE | No | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Gene not clonable | 3 | Â |
Cellulose synthase 8 (CesA8) | 558 | Switchgrass | OE | Yes | pANIC 10A | 10 | Not done | Normal growth | Under further analysis | 4 | Â |
NAC transcription factor (NAC-AP2) | 692 | Switchgrass | OE | Yes | modified pER8 | 30 | No change | Not determined | Discontinued as plants unresponsive to estradiol treatment | 6 | Â |
Laccase 4 (Lac 4) | 693 | Switchgrass | KD | Yes | pANIC 8A | 30 | Not done | Normal growth | No change in lignin amount or composition | 5 | Â |
R2R3-MYB transcription factor (MYB63-like2) | 721 | Switchgrass | OE | No | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Gene not clonable | 2 | Â |
R2R3-MYB transcription factor (MYB63-like3) | 722 | Switchgrass | OE | No | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Gene not clonable | 2 | Â |
Knotted-like homeobox protein 1 (KN1) | 833 | Switchgrass | KD | Yes | pANIC 12A | 8 | No change | Normal growth. No change in biomass yield | Discontinued | 4 | Â |
Knotted-like homeobox protein 1 (KN1) | 834 | Switchgrass | OE | Yes | pANIC 10A | 5 | Up to sevenfold increase | Normal growth. No change in biomass yield | Â | 4 | [65] |
Gibberellin 2-oxidase (GA2-ox) | 835-1e | Switchgrass | OE | Yes | pANIC 10A | 14 | Up to 14-fold increase | Dwarf to semi-dwarf growth | Â | 4 | [66] |
Gibberellin 2-oxidase (GA2-ox) | 835-2e | Switchgrass | OE | Yes | pANIC 10A | 7 | Up to fourfold increase | Dwarf growth | Â | 4 | [66] |
Ethylene response factor/SHINE transcription factor (ERF/SHN 1) | 837 | Switchgrass | OE | Yes | pANIC 10A | 6 | Up to ninefold increase | Normal growth. Increased biomass dry weight | Â | 4 | [67] |
UTR6 | 838 | Switchgrass | FKD | Yes | pANIC 8A | 30 | 18–70% decrease |  | No consistent correlation in lignin content, S/G monomer ratio or sugar release with gene expression levels | 2 |  |
UTR6 | 839 | Switchgrass | OE | Yes | pANIC 10A | 50 | Up to 38-fold increase | Â | No consistent correlation in lignin content, S/G monomer ratio or sugar release with gene expression levels | 2 | Â |
Laccase 17-like gene A (LAC17a) | 844 | Switchgrass | FKD | Yes | pANIC 8A | 40 | No change | Normal growth | No change in lignin content | 7 | Â |
Laccase 17-like gene A (LAC17a) | 845 | Switchgrass | OE | Yes | pANIC 6A | 40 | No change | Normal growth | No change in lignin content | 7 | Â |
Laccase 17-like gene B (LAC17b) | 846 | Switchgrass | OE | Yes | pANIC 6A | 40 | No change | Normal growth | No change in lignin content | 7 | Â |
Purple acid phosphatase 2 (PAP2) | 847 | Switchgrass | OE | Yes | pMDC32 | 40 | No change | Normal growth | No change in lignin content | 7 | Â |
Caffeoyl CoA 3-O-methyl transferase 2 (CCoAOMT2) | 848 | Switchgrass | KD | Yes | pANIC 8A | 30 | 40–90% decrease | Normal growth | No change in lignin content. | 7 | [48] |
Coumaroyl shikimate 3′-hydroxylase 2 (C3′H2) | 849 | Switchgrass | KD | Yes | pANDA | 30 | 10–85% decrease | Normal growth | No change in lignin content | 7 |  |
Basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor (bHLH1) | 859 | Switchgrass | OE | Yes | pANIC 10A | 7 | No change | Normal growth. No change in biomass yield | Discontinued | 4 | Â |
p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase 2 (C3H2) | 861 | Switchgrass | KD | No | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Gene not clonable | 2 | Â |
p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase 2 (C3H2) | 862 | Switchgrass | OE | No | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Not applicable (see comment) | Gene not clonable | 2 | Â |
Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH-like2a) | 863 | Switchgrass | KD | Yes | pANIC 8A | 30 | 40–80% decrease | Not observed | No change in lignin content | 2 | This report |
Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH-like2a) | 864 | Switchgrass | OE | Yes | pANIC 10A | 40 | 15–70% increase | Semidwarf to normal growth | No change in lignin content | 2 | This report |
Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH-like1b) | 870 | Switchgrass | KD | Yes | pANIC 8A | 30 | 10–80% decrease | Semidwarf to normal growth | No change in lignin content | 2 | This report |
Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH-like1b) | 871 | Switchgrass | OE | Yes | pANIC 10A | 40 | 20–150% increase | Semidwarf to normal growth | No change in lignin content | 2 | This report |
Caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase (COMT) | 930 | Switchgrass | KD | Yes | pANDA | 9 | 90% decrease | Normal growth. Increased biomass yield | Â | 7 |