Table 4 Percent contribution of each process stage to the life-cycle GHG emissions of HTL biofuels
HTL biofuel life-cycle stage | Fr-CIR (%) | Bo-DBR (%) | Wp-CIR (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
Feedstock collection | 13.12 | 15.79 | 15.47 |
 Loader and chipper operation | 7.53 | 12.28 | 12.22 |
 Forest residues shuttling to FDPs | 5.59 | 3.51 | 3.25 |
Feedstock transportation | 25.47 | 5.29 | 14.90 |
Pre-processing | 2.88 | 3.47 | 8.07 |
 Grinder and dust collector operation | 2.25 | 2.71 | 2.36 |
 Loader operation | 0.63 | 0.76 | 0.66 |
 Pellet plant operation | N/A | N/A | 5.04 |
Conversion | 53.36 | 69.23 | 56.11 |
 Electricity | 4.17 | 5.02 | 4.44 |
 HTL buffer | 34.44 | 41.46 | 36.15 |
 AD gas combustion in HTL burner | 1.10 | 1.32 | 1.15 |
 AD operation | 13.53 | 5.02 | 14.24 |
 Hydrogen production | 0.07 | 16.34 | 0.07 |
 Hydrotreating catalyst | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.06 |
Fuel distribution | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.17 |
End use | 5.00 | 6.02 | 5.28 |