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Table 1 Composition of the investigated AFWs

From: Deep Eutectic Solvents pretreatment of agro-industrial food waste

Biomass

Pretreatment

Biomass recovery (%)

Biomass composition (%)a

DES

Temperature (°C)

Biomass to solvent ratio (g g−1)

Glucan

Xylan

Arabinan

AILb

ASLc

Potato peels

Raw biomass

–

31.3 ± 0.05

6.0 ± 0.02

1.4 ± 0.01

30.0 ± 0.01

2.9 ± 0.02

Choline chloride–glycerol

60

1:8

85

31 ± 0.04

6.0 ± 0.02

1.0 ± 0.01

29.9 ± 0.02

2.9 ± 0.01

1:16

83

35 ± 0.01

5.5 ± 0.01

1.0 ± 0.02

28.5 ± 0.04

2.8 ± 0.02

1:32

83

37 ± 0.03

5.3 ± 0.02

0.4 ± 0.01

27.5 ± 0.02

2.9 ± 0.02

115

1:8

80

41 ± 0.03

4.0 ± 0.02

n.d.

26.3 ± 0.01

2.7 ± 0.04

1:16

75

44 ± 0.05

3.3 ± 0.01

n.d.

24.5 ± 0.03

2.7 ± 0.05

1:32

75

45 ± 0.05

3.0 ± 0.02

n.d.

23.2 ± 0.01

2.5 ± 0.02

150

1:8

53

45 ± 0.04

n.d.

n.d.

22.5 ± 0.03

1.9 ± 0.01

1:16

52

51 ± 0.02

n.d.

n.d.

20.4 ± 0.02

1.9 ± 0.01

1:32

52

52 ± 0.01

n.d.

n.d.

19.7 ± 0.01

1.8 ± 0.01

Choline chloride–ethylene glycol

60

1:8

84

31 ± 0.04

6.0 ± 0.04

1.0 ± 0.02

30.0 ± 0.04

2.9 ± 0.02

1:16

83

35 ± 0.01

5.9 ± 0.01

1.2 ± 0.02

29.5 ± 0.04

2.9 ± 0.01

1:32

82

36 ± 0.04

5.8 ± 0.02

0.4 ± 0.01

29.0 ± 0.02

2.8 ± 0.02

115

1:8

80

40 ± 0.05

4.5 ± 0.02

n.d.

27.0 ± 0.05

2.7 ± 0.04

1:16

76

42 ± 0.04

4.3 ± 0.01

n.d.

25.5 ± 0.03

2.5 ± 0.05

1:32

74

44 ± 0.01

4.0 ± 0.01

n.d.

24.6 ± 0.02

2.5 ± 0.02

150

1:8

55

43 ± 0.03

n.d.

n.d.

23.5 ± 0.03

2.0 ± 0.01

1:16

52

49 ± 0.01

n.d.

n.d.

21.5 ± 0.01

1.9 ± 0.01

1:32

52

50 ± 0.02

n.d.

n.d.

21.1 ± 0.01

1.8 ± 0.01

Coffee silverskin

Raw biomass

–

17.5 ± 0.05

8.0 ± 0.01

1.6 ± 0.003

27.0 ± 0.02

3 ± 0.01

Choline chloride–glycerol

60

1:8

80

18 ± 0.01

7.7 ± 0.02

1.2 ± 0.02

26.5 ± 0.02

2.9 ± 0.01

1:16

80

20 ± 0.01

7.0 ± 0.01

1.0 ± 0.02

25.5 ± 0.01

2.8 ± 0.01

1:32

80

20 ± 0.02

6.5 ± 0.02

0.6 ± 0.02

25.2 ± 0.02

2.6 ± 0.02

115

1:8

75

23 ± 0.03

4.0 ± 0.02

n.d.

24.3 ± 0.02

2.6 ± 0.05

1:16

70

24 ± 0.04

3.3 ± 0.01

n.d.

23.5 ± 0.02

2.2 ± 0.05

1:32

70

25 ± 0.05

2.0 ± 0.02

n.d.

22.1 ± 0.01

2.0 ± 0.02

150

1:8

60

30 ± 0.04

1.0 ± 0.01

n.d.

21.5 ± 0.03

1.9 ± 0.01

1:16

60

32 ± 0.01

1.3 ± 0.02

n.d.

19.4 ± 0.01

1.5 ± 0.02

1:32

50

33 ± 0.01

0.8 ± 0.04

n.d.

17.7 ± 0.01

1.3 ± 0.02

Choline chloride–ethylene glycol

60

1:8

80

17 ± 0.04

8.0 ± 0.04

1.0 ± 0.02

27.2 ± 0.04

2.7 ± 0.01

1:16

79

19 ± 0.01

6.9 ± 0.03

1.2 ± 0.02

26.5 ± 0.04

2.7 ± 0.01

1:32

79

19 ± 0.03

6.0 ± 0.02

0.8 ± 0.01

26.0 ± 0.02

2.5 ± 0.02

115

1:8

74

20 ± 0.05

5.4 ± 0.01

n.d.

25.0 ± 0.05

2.7 ± 0.05

1:16

72

21 ± 0.04

3.3 ± 0.05

n.d.

23.9 ± 0.03

2.5 ± 0.02

1:32

72

25 ± 0.01

3.0 ± 0.05

n.d.

22.8 ± 0.02

2.5 ± 0.02

150

1:8

59

25 ± 0.04

1.9 ± 0.01

n.d.

22.1 ± 0.03

2.0 ± 0.01

1:16

54

27 ± 0.04

1.5 ± 0.01

n.d.

20.0 ± 0.01

1.9 ± 0.04

1:32

50

27 ± 0.03

0.5 ± 0.04

n.d.

19.2 ± 0.01

1.8 ± 0.04

Brewer’s spent grains

Raw biomass

–

16.8 ± 0.03

16.5 ± 0.02

2.0 ± 0.01

20.0 ± 0.03

1.5 ± 0.02

Choline chloride–glycerol

60

1:8

81

17 ± 0.04

16.0 ± 0.02

2.0 ± 0.02

20.0 ± 0.02

1.5 ± 0.01

1:16

80

19 ± 0.01

15.5 ± 0.01

1.0 ± 0.02

19.5 ± 0.01

1.5 ± 0.01

1:32

80

20 ± 0.03

14.3 ± 0.02

0.5 ± 0.01

17.8 ± 0.02

1.3 ± 0.01

115

1:8

75

21 ± 0.03

12.3 ± 0.02

n.d.

16.3 ± 0.01

1.3 ± 0.04

1:16

74

23 ± 0.05

11.0 ± 0.01

n.d.

14.0 ± 0.02

1.1 ± 0.05

1:32

73

24 ± 0.05

9.9 ± 0.02

n.d.

12.2 ± 0.01

1.1 ± 0.02

150

1:8

53

25 ± 0.04

8.8 ± 0.04

n.d.

11.5 ± 0.03

0.9 ± 0.01

1:16

52

27 ± 0.02

8.5 ± 0.01

n.d.

10.4 ± 0.01

0.6 ± 0.01

1:32

52

27 ± 0.01

8.0 ± 0.01

n.d.

10.0 ± 0.01

0.6 ± 0.01

Choline chloride–ethylene glycol

60

1:8

80

17 ± 0.04

16.5 ± 0.02

1.9 ± 0.01

20.0 ± 0.04

1.5 ± 0.02

1:16

80

18 ± 0.01

15.9 ± 0.01

1.2 ± 0.01

19.8 ± 0.04

1.4 ± 0.01

1:32

79

18 ± 0.04

14.5 ± 0.02

0.4 ± 0.01

19.0 ± 0.02

1.5 ± 0.01

115

1:8

76

20 ± 0.05

12.9 ± 0.02

n.d.

17.0 ± 0.05

1.3 ± 0.02

1:16

76

23 ± 0.04

11.8 ± 0.01

n.d.

15.5 ± 0.03

1.1 ± 0.05

1:32

74

23 ± 0.01

10.5 ± 0.01

n.d.

14.6 ± 0.02

1.1 ± 0.02

150

1:8

55

23 ± 0.03

9.5 ± 0.02-

n.d.

13.5 ± 0.03

0.9 ± 0.01

1:16

52

24 ± 0.01

8.9 ± 0.01-

n.d.

12.5 ± 0.01

0.8 ± 0.02

1:32

52

24 ± 0.02

8.6 ± 0.02-

n.d.

10.8 ± 0.01

0.8 ± 0.01

Apple residues

Raw biomass

–

21.2 ± 0.04

12.2 ± 0.01

2.5 ± 0.04

16.5 ± 0.04

2.0 ± 0.01

Choline chloride–glycerol

60

1:8

80

22.0 ± 0.04

12.0 ± 0.02

2.0 ± 0.01

15.9 ± 0.02

2.0 ± 0.01

1:16

81

25.1 ± 0.01

11.5 ± 0.01

2.0 ± 0.02

13.5 ± 0.03

2.0 ± 0.01

1:32

80

25.9 ± 0.03

11.0 ± 0.02

1.9 ± 0.01

12.9 ± 0.02

1.9 ± 0.02

115

1:8

75

30.0 ± 0.03

8.0 ± 0.02

0.9 ± 0.01

10.3 ± 0.01

1.7 ± 0.04

1:16

70

33.2 ± 0.05

7.3 ± 0.01

0.5 ± 0.01

9.5 ± 0.03

1.7 ± 0.01

1:32

70

34.0 ± 0.05

6.5 ± 0.02

n.d.

8.7 ± 0.01

1.2 ± 0.02

150

1:8

55

34.1 ± 0.04

6.5 ± 0.01

n.d.

7.5 ± 0.01

1.0 ± 0.02

1:16

50

35.0 ± 0.02

6.0 ± 0.01

n.d.

6.4 ± 0.02

0.9 ± 0.01

1:32

50

34.9 ± 0.01

5.9 ± 0.02

n.d.

6.1 ± 0.01

0.8 ± 0.01

Choline chloride–ethylene glycol

60

1:8

81

21.0 ± 0.04

11.9 ± 0.02

2.0 ± 0.01

16.0 ± 0.01

2.0 ± 0.01

1:16

82

24.1 ± 0.01

11.0 ± 0.01

1.2 ± 0.02

14.1 ± 0.03

1.9 ± 0.01

1:32

81

24.2 ± 0.03

11.0 ± 0.02

0.8 ± 0.01

13.7 ± 0.02

1.7 ± 0.02

115

1:8

76

27.0 ± 0.03

10.0 ± 0.02

0.5 ± 0.01

11.3 ± 0.01

1.4 ± 0.04

1:16

76

32.2 ± 0.05

8.3 ± 0.01

0.2 ± 0.01

9.5 ± 0.02

1.4 ± 0.01

1:32

72

32.3 ± 0.05

7.5 ± 0.02

n.d.

8.2 ± 0.01

1.0 ± 0.02

150

1:8

50

31.1 ± 0.04

7.0 ± 0.01

n.d.

8.1 ± 0.01

1.0 ± 0.02

1:16

50

33.8 ± 0.02

6.5 ± 0.01

n.d.

7.4 ± 0.01

0.9 ± 0.02

1:32

50

34.2 ± 0.01

6.5 ± 0.02

n.d.

7.1 ± 0.01

0.9 ± 0.02

  1. Data assessed for raw material and after DES pretreatment are reported
  2. n.d. not detected
  3. aPercentages calculated on biomass dry weight basis
  4. bAcid insoluble lignin
  5. cAcid soluble lignin
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Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts

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