Fig. 3

a Microbial growth (OD₆₀₀), b consumption of co-substrates, c consumption of glycerol, and d 1,3-PDO production of KMK-23 in flask culture in the medium containing 40 g L⁻¹ glycerol and 20 g L⁻¹ four different co-substrates; mannitol (filled circle), glucose (empty circle), xylose (filled reversed triangle), and galactose (empty triangle)