Fig. 3

Energy capture, delivery and dissipation in plants and microalgae. When pigment molecules in Photosystem II absorb light, electrons are passed along an electron acceptor chain and finally to NADP⁺ reductase. The ATP and NADPH generated in light reaction are used to fix CO₂. The intermediates from CBB cycle are then to participate in anabolism. The delivery of energy in microalgae depends on various pathways like malate/oxaloacetate shuttle and photorespiration. The energy dissipation depends on pathways like water to water pathway, photorespiration and H⁺ dissipation