Table 1 Astaxanthin production by different microorganisms
From: Astaxanthin overproduction in yeast by strain engineering and new gene target uncovering
Hosts | Fermentation level | Astaxanthin yield (mg/g DCW) | Astaxanthin ratio (%) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-carotenogenic microorganisms | ||||
 E. coli | Shake-flask | 1.4 | 95 | [7] |
Shake-flask | 1.99 | 90 | [6] | |
Shake-flask | 5.8 | N.D. | [8] | |
Shake-flask | 7.4 | 96.6 | [9] | |
Shake-flask | 8.64 | N.D. | [10] | |
Shake-flask | 15.1 | N.D. | [14] | |
 S. cerevisiae | Shake-flask | 4.7 | N.D. | [11] |
Shake-flask | 8.1 | N.D. | [12] | |
Shake-flask 5-L bioreactor | 10.1 13.8 | 89.4 | This study | |
 Kluyveromyces marxianus | 5-L bioreactor | 9.97 | N.D. | [5] |
Carotenogenic microorganisms | ||||
 Haematococcus pluvialis | Shake-flask | 77.2 | N.D. | [3] |