Table 3 Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for isoprene production

Escherichia coli BL21

ispS from I. batatas

40 µg L⁻¹ h⁻¹

[58]

Escherichia coli BL21

Engineered with P. alba ispS and S. cerevisiae MVA pathway

11,083 µg L⁻¹ h⁻¹

0.532

[94]

Escherichia coli BL21

DXS, DXR, and IDI from S. pneumoniae were overexpressed, ispA was weakened; P. alba ispS

829 µg L⁻¹ h⁻¹

0.0199

[95]

Escherichia coli BL21

Two component system (1) E. coli optimized for mevalonate production from sugar was used as a feedstock for (2) E. coli engineered with MVA and ispS

230,000 µg L⁻¹ h⁻¹

11.0

[96]

Escherichia coli BL21

ispS from P. alba, +mvaE, mvaS from E. faecalis, +mvk, PMK, MVD, IDI from S. cervisiae, + mvk from M. mazei, + pgl from E. coli

2,000,000 µg L⁻¹ h⁻¹

850

60

[97]

Escherichia coli BL21

ispS from P. nigra, +DXS, DXR from E. coli

0.16

[59]

Escherichia coli BL21

ispS from P. nigra, +DXS, DXR from B. subtilis

0.31

[59]

Escherichia coli BL21

ispS from P. montana, + DXS, ispG, ispH, ipi, ispE, DXR, ispD, ispF from E. coli, selection of translation initiation regions and adjustment of gene order in the superoperon

277 µg L⁻¹ h⁻¹

0.005

[22]

Escherichia coli BL21

ispS from P. montana, + hmgS, hmgR from E. faecalis, + atoB from E. coli, +fni, mk, pmk, pmd from S. pneumoniae, selection of translation initiation regions

17,778 µg L⁻¹ h⁻¹

0.32

[22]

Escherichia coli BL21

2 mvaE, mvaS from E. faecalis, + ERG12, ERG8, ERG19, IDI from S. cerevisiae, codon-optimized ispS from P. alba, mvaS gene mutation

6.3

[98]

Escherichia coli BL21

Codon-adapted ispS from P. alba, +DXS, DXR, IDI from E. coli, adjustment of gene order in the polycistron

2727 µg g⁻¹ dcw h⁻¹

[17]

Escherichia coli BL21

Truncated ispS from P. alba, +DXS, DXR, IDI, pgl, fldA, ispG from E. coli, +ispH from Anabaena, +ispG system from T. elongatus

8.4

[99]

Escherichia coli BL21

Enhanced MEP pathway and combined with MVA pathway

52,500 µg L⁻¹ h⁻¹

[100]

Escherichia coli MG1655

Codon-optimized ispS from P. trichocarpa, augmented MVA pathway, and deleted genes involved in aceto-CoA byproduct formation

1.832

[101]

Synechococcus elongatus

Fused ISPS from P. alba with IDI from S. cerevisiae

4600 µg L⁻¹ h⁻¹

[57]

Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Fused ISPS with CPCB (phyocyanin) to increase production

5.4

[102]

Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

codon-optimized ispS from P. montana

2.08 µg g⁻¹ dcw h⁻¹

[103]

Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Codon-optimized ispS from P. montana

0.12

3.2

[104]

Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Engineered psbA2 promoter-driven ispS and codon optimized from P. montana

40 µg L⁻¹ h⁻¹

[104]

Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Codon-optimized P. montana ispS

2 µg L⁻¹ h⁻¹

[105]

Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Codon-optimized P. montana ispS

63 µg L⁻¹ h⁻¹

[20]

Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Codon-optimized kudzu ispS under rbcL promoter

1.16 µg L⁻¹ h⁻¹ A₇₅₀⁻¹

[53]

Bacillus subtilis

Engineered DXS, DXR

1e⁻⁶

[106]

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Multiple copies of codon-optimized ispS from P. montana

7 µg L⁻¹ h⁻¹

5e⁻⁴

[107]

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

2 copies of codon-optimized ispS from P. alba, +tHMG1, IDI, ACS2, ERG10 from S. cerevisiae, down-regulation of ERG20 by promoter replacement

25

0.037

[108]

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Enhanced Gal4p supply and directed evolution of IspS

51,388 µg L⁻¹ h⁻¹

3.7

[56]