Lignin–carbohydrate complexes: properties, applications, analyses, and methods of extraction: a review

Table 3 Composition of LCC fractions from softwood and hardwood kraft pulp

LCC fraction	Relative composition of LCC fraction, %		Relative carbohydrate composition, %
LCC fraction	Acid-soluble lignin	Total carbohydrates	Ara	Xyl	Man	Gal	Glu
Softwood Kraft pulp (Spruce) [19]
Glu–L	2.4	96.0	0.5^a	3.6^a	4.2^a	0.0^a	91.7^a
GM–L–Xyl	35	41.7	2.9^a	26.7^a	48.4^a	4.1^a	17.8^a
Xyl–L–GM	23	75.6	5.8^a	75.1^a	8.3^a	0.5^a	10.2^a
Oxygen-delignified softwood pulp (Spruce) [19]
GM–L–Xyl	22.8	77.0	1.4^a	11.5^a	62.8^a	4.2^a	20.1^a
Xyl–L	5.1	97.9	2.5^a	20.2^a	58.8^a	3.3^a	15.3^a
Hardwood kraft pulp (Eucalyptus globules) [20]
Glu–Xyl–L	0.5	99.5^b	0.7	10.6	0.3	0.1	88.4
Xyl–Glu–L	0.83	99.2^b	0.4	92.4	0.9	0.7	5.6
Glu–L	1.48	98.5^b	1.5	0.8	0.2	0.2	97.3
Hardwood kraft pulp (Betula verrucosa) [20]
Xyl–Glu–L	1.2	98.8^b	0.2	86.9	0	0	12.9
Xyl–L	0.33	99.7^b	0	97.7	1.2	0	1.1
Glu–L	0.6	99.4^b	0.5	0.6	0.2	0	98.8

^aConverted to % based on the data presented in the source
^bCalculated by authors by subtraction the portion of lignin (%) presented in the LCC fraction from 100%

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