Microalgae for the production of lipid and carotenoids: a review with focus on stress regulation and adaptation

Table 2 Transcription factors involved in stresses

Species	Transcription factors	Stresses	Performances	References
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii	PHR1	Phosphate starvation	PHR1 acts downstream in the phosphate starvation signaling pathway via binding the promoter of phosphate starvation responsive structural genes	[83]
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii	LCR1	CO₂-limiting stress	LCR1 transmits the low CO₂ signal to at least three CO₂-responsive genes and then fully induces carbon-concentrating mechanism	[94]
Dunaliella bardawil	WRKY	Salt stress	All the carotenogenic genes can be recognized by WRKY transcription factors	[95]
Chlamydomonas	NRR1	Nitrogen starvation	NRR1, a putative SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-type transcription factor, was proved to be a regulator of N-induced TAG biosynthesis	[86]
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii	PSR1	Nitrogen starvation	PSR1 is a pivotal switch that triggers cytosolic lipid accumulation	[93]
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii	PSR1	Phosphorus starvation	PSR1 gene is an important determinant of lipid and starch accumulation in response to phosphorus starvation but not nitrogen starvation	[92]
Chlorella ellipsoidea	GmDof4	Nitrogen starvation	Increase of lipid content without growth limitation	[90]
Nannochloropsis salina	NsbHLH2	Nitrogen limitation	Biomass and FAME productivity was increased by 36% and 33%, respectively	[99]
Nannochloropsis gaditana	ZnCys	Nitrogen starvation	Lipid is doubled by attenuation of ZnCys expression	[100]

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