Fig. 3

Variation of the boundaries of the dual-limited regime with the operating parameters. a At fixed k_la ≈ 50 h⁻¹, the experimentally determined values of \(\underline{s}_{\text{f}}\) (open circle) and \(\bar{s}_{\text{f}}\) (closed circle) are inversely proportional to D. The dashed and solid curves, which represent the best fits to the data, satisfy the equations \(D\underline{s}_{\text{f}}\) = 0.47 g L⁻¹ h⁻¹ and \(D\bar{s}_{\text{f}}\)= 3.2 g L⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively. At fixed D = 0.10 h⁻¹, the values of \(\underline{s}_{\text{f}}\) and \(\bar{s}_{\text{f}}\) at k_la ≈ 50 h⁻¹, represented by open circle and closed circle, respectively, are half the values of \(\underline{s}_{\text{f}}\) and \(\bar{s}_{\text{f}}\) at k_la ≈ 100 h⁻¹, represented by open triangle and closed triangle, respectively. b Representation of the data in a on the \(k_{\text{l}} a \cdot c_{\text{o}}^{*} , Ds_{\text{f}}\)-plane