Fig. 5
Schematic diagrams illustrating the predicted steady-state concentration profiles of biomass x, ethanol p, dissolved oxygen co and residual carbon source s in continuous cultures operated, such that a sf is varied at fixed D, kla, \(c_{\text{o}}^{*}\), b D is varied at fixed sf, kla, \(c_{\text{o}}^{*}\), c kla is varied at fixed D, sf, \(c_{\text{o}}^{*}\), d \(c_{\text{o}}^{*}\) is varied at fixed D, sf, kla. The concentration profiles in the carbon- and oxygen-limited regimes are based on Eqs. (13)–(16) and (22)–(25), respectively. The concentration profiles in the dual-limited regime are obtained by linearly interpolating the end points of the concentration profiles in the carbon- and oxygen-limited regimes