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Fig. 3 | Biotechnology for Biofuels

Fig. 3

From: N,N-dimethylformamide induces cellulase production in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei

Fig. 3

Cytosolic Ca2+ level and calcium signaling increases after DMF addition. a Cytosolic Ca2+ levels determined by Ca2+ fluorescent probe Fluo-3 AM. T. reesei QM6a was cultured in liquid Mandels’ medium for ~ 32 h, transformed to fresh MM with 0% or 1% DMF, and then cultivated for 48 to 60 h. For detection, 50 μM Fluo-3 AM was used, with the intensity of fluorescence monitored using automatic inverted fluorescence microscopy. Green fluorescence represents free cytosolic Ca2+. DIC, differential interference contrast. b Comparative fluorescence ratio of cytosolic Ca2+ levels. The x-axis represents the different DMF final concentrations, and the y-axis represents the Ca2+ fluorescence ratios measured by CLSM. c–e The effects of DMF on the transcriptional levels of calcium signaling-related genes cam (c), cna1 (d), and crz1 (e) in T. reesei QM6a. Blue bar, no DMF was added to the medium; red bar, 1% (v/v) DMF was added to the medium. Values are the mean ± SD of the results from three independent experiments. Asterisks indicate significant differences from untreated strains (p < 0.05, Student’s t test)

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