Table 2 Lipid production from lignin degradation pathways by bacteria

Lipid

4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid and glucose as the co-substrates

Rhodococcus rhodochrous ATCC 21198

Use lignin model monomer and glucose as co-substrates for lipid production

> 40% of DCW

[99]

Ultrasonicated ethanol organosolv lignin

R. opacus DSM 1069

Integrate R. opacus-based assimilation process and ultrasonication-based lignin pretreatment process

4.08% of DCW

[101]

O₂ pretreated kraft lignin

R. opacus DSM 1069

Integrate R. opacus-based assimilation process and O₂-based lignin pretreatment process

14.21% of DCW, 0.067 mg/mL

[102]

Kraft lignin

R. opacus PD630

Integrate R. opacus-based assimilation process and laccase-based lignin depolymerization process

About 150 mg/L

[35]

Alkali-extracted lignin

R. opacus PD630 and R. jostii RHA1 VanA⁻

Co-culture of R. opacus and R. jostii RHA1

0.39 g lipid/g DCW

[103]

Algal hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous wastes

R. opacus PD630, R. jostii RHA1, and VanA⁻

Co-culture of R. opacus and R. jostii RHA1

0.46 g lipid/g DCW

[105]

Biomass gasification wastewater

R. opacus DSM 43205

Supply wastewater with some mineral salt for better cell growth and lipid production

62.8% of DCW

[106]

Effluent generated from a two-stage pretreatment of NaOH pre-extraction and alkaline H₂O₂ post-treatment.

R. opacus PD630

Integrate R. opacus-based assimilation process and alkali/alkali-peroxide-based pretreatment

1.3 g/L and 42.1% of DCW

[104]

Ammonia fiber expansion corn stover lignin

R. opacus NRRL B-3311

Apply ammonia fiber expansion corn stover lignin without pretreatment for lipid production

32 mg/L

[151]

Lignin from combinatorial pretreatment

R. opacus PD630

Consolidate combinatorial pretreatment, laccase addition and fed-batch fermentation processes

1.83 g/L

[152]