Fig. 4

A schematic diagram for anti-ethanol caused damage in K. marxianus. In the left part of this figure, accumulated ethanol in the medium imposes an osmotic pressure to the yeast cell and subsequently activates the osmotic responsive pathway. In the middle part, environmental ethanol permeates into the cell and disrupts cell membrane. In the right part, cell membrane lipids are synthesized to fortify and repair the damaged cell membrane. In the lower part, ethanol disturbs protein conformation and causes oxidative stress, thus the related sensors and response pathways are activated. The group numbers and colors for the gene’s differential expression are in line with those in Fig. 3