Fig. 1
Overview of the modularized metabolism of C. glutamicum with focus on the l-histidine biosynthesis (yellow) and the related pathways central carbon metabolism (blue), purine biosynthesis (red), and one carbon metabolism (green). The glycine cleavage (GCV) system is not present in C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 and was heterologously produced (dark green). 2PG, 2-phosphoglycerate; 3PG, 3-phosphoglycerate; 5′-ProFAR, 1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-5-[(5-phosphoribosylamino)methylideneamino] imidazole-4 carboxamide; α-KG, α-ketoglutarate; ADP, adenosine diphosphate; AdSucc, adenylosuccinate; AICAR, 1-(5′-phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide; AIR, 5-aminoimidazole ribotide; AMP, adenosine monophosphate; asp; l-aspartate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; fTHF, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate; F-1,6-bis-P, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; F6P, fructose 6-phosphate; FAICAR, 5-formamidoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide; fGAM, 5′phosphoribosylformylglycineamidine; fGAR, phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycineamide; fum, fumarate; G6P, glucose 6-phosphate; GA3P, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; GAR, glycineamide ribonucleotide; GCV, glycine cleavage system; gln, l-glutamine; glu, l-glutamate; GMP, guanosine monophosphate; HisA, 5′ProFAR isomerase; HisB, imidazoleglycerol phosphate dehydratase; HisC, histidinol phosphate aminotransferase; HisD, histidinol dehydrogenase; HisE, phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphatase; HisF, synthase subunit of IGP synthase; HisG, ATP phosphoribosyltransferase; HisH, glutaminase subunit of IGP synthase; HisI, phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase; HisN, histidinol phosphate phosphatase; Hol-P, l-histidinol phosphate; IAP, imidazole-acetole phosphate; IGP, imidazole-glycerol phosphate; IMP, inosine monophosphate; mTHF, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate; N5-CAIR, 5′-phosphoribosyl-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole; NAD+/NADH, oxidized/reduced nicotine amide dinucleotide; NADP+/NADPH, oxidized/reduced nicotine amide dinucleotide phosphate; Pgi, phosphoglucoisomerase; Pi/PPi, inorganic phosphate/diphosphate; Pgm, phosphoglucomutase; PR-AMP, phosphoribosyl-AMP; PR-ATP, phosphoribosyl-ATP; PRA, phosphoribosylamine; PRFAR, 5-[(5-phospho-1-deoxyribulos-1-ylamino)methylideneamino]-1-(5-phosphoribosyl) imidazole-4-carboxamid; PRPP, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate; PtsG, phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system for glucose; PurA, adenylosuccinate synthase; PurB, adenylosuccinate lyase; PurC, phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase; PurD, PRA-glycine ligase; PurE, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole mutase; PurF, amidophosphoribosyltransferase; PurH, bifunctional AICAR formyltransferase/IMP cyclohydrolase; PurK, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase; PurL, phosphoribosylformylglycinamide synthase; PurM, phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cycloligase; PurN, phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase; R5P, ribose 5-phosphate; SAICAR, phosphoribosyl-aminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide; SHMT, serine hydroxymethyltransferase; TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle; THF, tetrahydrofolate