Fig. 1
From: Biosynthesis, regulation, and engineering of microbially produced branched biofuels
Biosynthetic pathways of branched short-chain alcohols and esters and their regulation in S. cerevisiae. a Biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids from pryurate is shown by red arrows. IlvI: acetolactate synthase large subunit; IlvH: acetolactate synthase small subunit; IlvC: 2-hydroxy-3-ketol-acid reductoisomerase; IlvD: dihydroxy-acid hydratase; AlsS: acetolactate synthase; IlvG: acetolactate synthase II large subunit; IlvM: acetolactate synthase II large subunit; LeuA: 2-isopropylmalate synthase; LeuB: 3-propylmalate dehydrogenase; LeuC/D: isopropylmalate isomerase; CimA: citramalate synthase. The Ehrlich pathway in S. cerevisiae is shown in black arrows. TA: transaminase; KDC: α-ketoacid decarboxylase; ADH: alcohol dehydrogenases; ALDH: aldehyde dehydrogenase; ALR: aldehyde reductase; ATF: alcohol acetyltransferases. b A schematic overview of the regulation of branched short-chain alcohols and esters biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae