Fig. 3From: Synthetic biology for evolutionary engineering: from perturbation of genotype to acquisition of desired phenotypeDNAs harboring beneficial mutations are propagated by compartmentalization technique and PACE. Genetic cassettes convert diverse protein functions such as protein–protein binding, protein–DNA interaction, protein specific activity, and protein solubility to changes in the expression levels of taq-polymerase or of phage infection protein. In the taq-polymerase case, the amount of amplified target product depends on taq-polymerase content which is expressed in a cell. Each cell containing a plasmid carrying target DNA and taq-polymerase is encapsulated together with PCR mixture (PCR buffer, dNTPs, primers). During emulsion PCR, cells are disrupted and expose plasmid as template and expressed taq-polymerase. In M13 protein III (pIII) case, expression of pIII is regulated. When beneficial mutations are occurred and increasing pIII expression, phage carrying these mutations can generate more progenyBack to article page