From: Latest development in microalgae-biofuel production with nano-additives
Nano-additives | Conversion processes | Conversion efficiency | References |
---|---|---|---|
Calcium oxide nano-particles’ blends (CaO-NPs) | Catalytic transesterification | 91% | [18] |
Mesoporous silica nano-catalyst, Ti-loaded SBA-15 | Transesterification | 10 times higher yield than other catalysts 3 times higher than other effective nano-catalysts TS-1 and TiO2–S | |
Niobia (N2O5) incorporated with SBA-15 | Esterification | Significant increase of biodiesel yield | [71] |
PAN nanofibre, Fe3O4 and nanoporous gold incorporation, silica nano-particles, ferric silica and magnetic nano-particles incorporation, polyacrylonitrile nano fibre transesterification process | Transesterification | Effective rise in biodiesel productivity | [7] |
KF/CaO–Fe3O4, Li(lithium)-doped CaO, Fe2O3–CaO, sulfate (SO4−) incorporated Zi (zirconium), sodium titanate and carbon-based nano-tubes and nano-particles | Transesterification | ≥ 95% |