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Table 6 Applications of nano-additives for biodiesel-yield enhancements during microalgae to biofuel conversion, suitable conversion processes, and efficiencies

From: Latest development in microalgae-biofuel production with nano-additives

Nano-additives

Conversion processes

Conversion efficiency

References

Calcium oxide nano-particles’ blends (CaO-NPs)

Catalytic transesterification

91%

[18]

Mesoporous silica nano-catalyst, Ti-loaded SBA-15

Transesterification

10 times higher yield than other catalysts

3 times higher than other effective nano-catalysts TS-1 and TiO2–S

[6, 69]

Niobia (N2O5) incorporated with SBA-15

Esterification

Significant increase of biodiesel yield

[71]

PAN nanofibre, Fe3O4 and nanoporous gold incorporation, silica nano-particles, ferric silica and magnetic nano-particles incorporation, polyacrylonitrile nano fibre transesterification process

Transesterification

Effective rise in biodiesel productivity

[7]

KF/CaO–Fe3O4, Li(lithium)-doped CaO, Fe2O3–CaO, sulfate (SO4−) incorporated Zi (zirconium), sodium titanate and carbon-based nano-tubes and nano-particles

Transesterification

≥ 95%

[7, 72]