Fig. 1

Biodetoxification of lignocellulose-derived inhibitors by A. resinae ZN1. a Spot assay of A. resinae ZN1 and A. resinae ATCC 22711 on synthetic medium agar with 5.0-g/L glucose. Conidia were collected and normalized to a final concentration of 1 × 10⁸/mL in sterile water containing 0.05% Tween-80. An equal volume of the solution (0.2 μL) was spotted onto the synthetic medium plates containing various inhibitors (0.5-g/L furfural, 1.5-g/L HMF, and 4.0-g/L acetic acid, respectively) and non-detoxified 15% corn stover hydrolysate (CSH) plate, and then cultured at 28 °C for 6 days (for furfural, HMF, and CSH) or 10 days (for acetic acid). The CSH plate was prepared with 1.5% agar in the non-detoxified 15% CSH. b Inhibitor conversion rates of pretreated corn stover under the static conditions by A. resinae ZN1 and A. resinae ATCC 22711. Detoxification was performed at room temperature (25–28 °C) and pH 5.5. c Compositional profiles of intermediates during aldehyde inhibitor conversion. The mole concentration of each inhibitor intermediate accounts for the initial total aldehyde inhibitor mole concentration at different conversion point. “Ending” means the conversion experiment ended. The appropriate inhibitors were added into the liquid synthetic complete medium separately. A. resinae ZN1 strain with inoculum 10% (v/v) was cultured at 28 °C and natural pH without shaking. Mean values are presented with error bars representing two standard deviations