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Table 6 Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of thermal degradation of MA, SWD, MD-1, MD-2, and MD-3 under the heating rate (β) 15 °C min−1

From: Thermogravimetric and kinetic analysis to discern synergy during the co-pyrolysis of microalgae and swine manure digestate

Material

Parameter/conversion

Activation energy, Eα (kJ mol−1)

Pre-exponential factor, A (s−1)

Enthalpy, ∆H (kJ mol−1)

Gibbs free energy, °∆G (kJ mol−1)

Entropy, °∆S (J mol−1)

MA

0.10

155.6

7.19 × 1010

155.6

185.1

− 50.37

0.15

167.2

8.91 × 1010

164.3

192.9

− 48.76

0.20

170.1

1.09 × 1011

165.6

193.3

− 47.23

0.25

172.8

3.65 × 1011

167.6

189.4

− 37.24

0.30

165.8

6.41 × 1011

160.1

179.2

− 32.63

0.35

162.9

1.12 × 1012

156.9

173.4

− 28.04

0.40

158.9

3.41 × 1012

152.6

163.6

− 18.88

0.45

157.1

1.22 × 1013

152.7

157.6

− 8.37

0.50

153.3

1.28 × 1013

146.5

151.2

− 8.05

0.55

148.4

2.13 × 1013

141.1

143.4

− 3.85

0.60

146.0

3.04 × 1013

138.4

139.0

− 1.00

0.65

143.6

5.86 × 1013

135.7

133.2

4.35

0.70

138.2

1.38 × 1014

129.9

123.2

11.32

0.75

137.5

1.84 × 1014

128.8

120.9

13.55

0.80

136.8

2.84 × 1014

127.7

117.8

16.95

SWD

0.10

206.1

4.08 × 1018

203.5

144.2

98.21

0.15

216.3

4.05 × 1019

213.8

143.1

117.1

0.20

215.7

3.44 × 1019

213.0

143.2

115.6

0.25

216.6

4.03 × 1019

213.6

143.1

116.7

0.30

212.0

1.36 × 1019

208.6

143.6

107.6

0.35

213,0

1.65 × 1019

209.4

143.5

109.1

0.40

215.2

2.71 × 1019

211.6

143.3

113.1

0.45

213.5

1.78 × 1019

209.6

143.5

109.5

0.50

222.7

1.45 × 1020

219.2

142.5

126.9

0.55

211.7

1.43 × 1019

208.5

143.6

107.5

0.60

204.3

3.72 × 1018

202.4

144.2

96.20

0.65

185.9

9.91 × 1016

185.7

145.9

65.93

0.70

178.5

2.55 × 1016

179.4

146.5

54.43

0.75

189.9

4.15 × 1017

192.0

145.2

77.36

0.80

195.3

1.4 × 1018

197.3

144.7

87.15

MD-1

0.10

139.1

5.2 × 1011

134.6

154.6

− 33.88

0.15

143.0

1.17 × 1012

138.4

154.6

− 27.34

0.20

176.5

1.13 × 1014

171.8

165.6

10.53

0.25

180.6

1.78 × 1014

175.9

167.5

14.22

0.30

176.6

4.22 × 1014

171.9

159.2

21.31

0.35

174.3

5.19 × 1014

169.5

156.0

22.93

0.40

172.7

6.41 × 1014

167.8

153.3

24.61

0.45

171.9

7.61 × 1014

167.0

151.6

25.96

0.50

168.1

1.3 × 1015

163.2

145.2

30.34

0.55

166.2

1.32 × 1015

161.2

143.2

30.34

0.60

174.1

3.23 × 1015

169.1

146.7

37.73

0.65

196.0

6.41 × 1016

190.8

153.8

62.47

0.70

192.8

8.03 × 1016

187.7

149.6

64.18

0.75

197.8

2.73 × 1017

192.5

148.6

74.13

0.80

211.2

5.53 × 1018

205.7

147.1

98.83

MD-2

0.10

161.6

1.33 × 1012

157.1

172.5

− 26.08

0.15

173.8

2.42 × 1012

169.2

181.8

− 21.41

0.20

179.1

5.23 × 1012

174.5

183.3

− 15.10

0.25

182.7

3.3 × 1013

178.0

177.9

0.21

0.30

186.5

1.03 × 1014

181.7

176.1

9.65

0.35

189.8

2.93 × 1014

185.0

174.3

18.33

0.40

173.5

3.85 × 1014

168.6

156.6

20.56

0.45

163.7

2.08 × 1015

158.8

138.6

34.61

0.50

152.1

3.1 × 1015

147.1

124.9

37.86

0.55

150.0

4.49 × 1015

145.0

121.0

40.88

0.60

157.8

7.25 × 1015

152.8

126.5

44.80

0.65

174.2

8.62 × 1015

169.1

142.1

46.15

0.70

199.0

1.12 × 1016

193.8

165.6

48.21

0.75

211.4

5.76 × 1016

206.1

169.9

61.69

0.80

229.5

1.43 × 1018

224.0

172.2

88.32

MD-3

0.10

158.0

4.45 × 1012

153.4

162.8

− 16.06

0.15

159.0

1.13 × 1013

154.2

159.2

− 8.51

0.20

161.0

1.31 × 1013

156,0

160.3

− 7.35

0.25

162.0

1.90 × 1013

157.3

159.9

− 4.40

0.30

165.6

2.52 × 1013

160.8

162.1

− 2.10

0.35

170.6

5.39 × 1013

165.8

163.4

4.13

0.40

173.9

1.59 × 1014

169.0

161.4

13.08

0.45

178.3

3.2 × 1014

173.4

162.3

18.81

0.50

184.2

8.21 × 1014

179.3

163.6

26.56

0.55

192.6

9.03 × 1014

187.64

171.6

27.27

0.60

189.7

2.94 × 1015

184.7

163.0

36.99

0.65

186.2

6.46 × 1015

181.1

155.6

43.44

0.70

184.4

6.76 × 1015

179.3

153.6

43.68

0.75

173.0

1.16 × 1016

167.7

139.6

48.01

0.80

146.5

1.87 × 1016

141.1

110.7

51.73