Fig. 2

Single-cell microscopy of lignin fragment internalization in fungi. a Chemical synthesis pathway of mono- and di-functionalized 4-HBA (fHBA) and vanillic acid (fVA), respectively. b Schematic of click chemistry-mediated fluorescent labeling of bacteria and fungi. Imaging samples were paired with LC/MS studies and done in biological triplicate. c Representative images of P. chrysosporium cells following 4 h of internalization with functionalized lignols, fixation, and AlexaFluor™ 647 labeling. d Quantification of experiment in c. e Representative images of S. cerevisiae cells following 4 h of internalization with functionalized lignols, fixation, and AlexaFluor™ 647 labeling. f Quantification of experiment in e. Error bars in d and f represent standard deviation of three biological replicates. *Indicates p value of 0.0146 by Kruskal–Wallis test. Scale bars in c and e represent 5 µm