Fig. 6

Signal transduction pathways and transcriptional regulators affecting the filamentous growth of dimorphic pathopoiesis fungus in response to environmental conditions, which were reconstructed based on the predicted morphological shift in C. albicans [9, 38, 40, 42]. The red and blue colors highlight the homologous genes significantly up- and down-regulated in T. cutaneum B3. Genes related to hyphae development might be activated by the transcription factor CPH1 thought the CEK1 MAPK pathway (MAPKK kinase CST20 and MAPK kinase HST7) or other two MAPK pathways through kinase MKC1 and HOG1. Oxidative and osmotic stresses are sensed by a two-component system with sensing proteins SLN1 and SSK1, which in turn suppress kinases SSK2 and PBS2 to trigger the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) MAPK pathways. Nitrogen starvation is sensed by RHB1, a homologs of the small G protein RHEB with the RAS superfamily, which in turn activates the protein kinase PKC1 and MAPK kinase MKC1 in the MKC1 MAPK pathways. MEP2, a methylamine permease, may also sense nitrogen starvation to activate both the MAPK pathway and the cAMP-PKA pathway. Adenylyl cyclase (CYR1) not only responds to RAS1/RAS2 under nitrogen starvation condition, it is also activated in response to G-protein GPR1, which are activated by glucose deficiency and the presence of methionine. Protein kinase A (PKA) comprises of regulatory (BCY) and catalytic subunits (TPK), and TPK suppresses the transcription factor RGT1 and in turn suppresses the expression of hyphal-inducing genes