Fig. 3

Time-course of 3-h reaction of HMF and AAO. Reactions between 1.5 mM HMF and 2.5 µM AAO were performed in 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.0, at 28 °C. Oxidation rates in these conditions, estimated by fitting data to equations \(\left[ {\text{HMF}} \right]{ = }\left[ {\text{HMF}} \right]_{ 0} e^{{ - k_{1} t}}\) and \(\left[ {\text{DFF}} \right]{\text{ = DFF}}_{ 0} \left( {\frac{{k_{1} }}{{(k_{2} - k_{1} }}} \right)\left( {e^{ - k1t} - e^{{ - k_{2} t}} } \right)\), are indicated at the bottom