Fig. 2

Design, construction, and validation of the lactate ester biosynthesis pathways in E. coli. a Engineered biosynthesis pathway of ethyl lactate from glucose and its production in high cell density culture of EcJW201. b Engineered biosynthesis pathway of isobutyl lactate from glucose and its production in high cell density culture of EcJW202. In a and b, all of the strains were induced at 0 h with 0.5 mM IPTG. Each error bar represents 1 s.d. (n = 3). c Production of ethyl lactate from glucose in pH-controlled batch fermentation of EcJW201. The strain was induced at 6 h with 0.5 mM IPTG. Each error bar represents 1 s.d. (n = 2)