From: Engineering the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica to produce limonene from waste cooking oil
Host | Product | Titer | Yield | Productivity | Strategy | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. coli | l-Limonene | 430 mg/L | – | 5.97 mg/L/h | A plasmid with a truncated GPP synthase and limonene synthase gene was co-expressed with a plasmid increasing the MK and PMK levels (MBI-f operon) and replacing the HMGS and HMGR from S. cerevisiae (MevT operon) with those from S. aureus (MTSA operon) using different IPTG levels | [28] |
l-Limonene | 2700 mg/Lorg | – | 60 mg/Lorg/h | (1) Truncated LS gene and truncated GPPS2 gene with all the genes of the MVA pathway, that convert endogenous acetyl-CoA into IPP and DMAPP from S. cerevisiae was co-expressed. (2) A two-liquid phase fed-batch fermentation with glycerol as carbon source were carried out in 3.1 L stirred-tank reactors | [35] | |
l-Limonene | 75.12 mg/L | – | 3.13 mg/L/h | (1) Juice from sugar beets was utilized as a novel feedstock. (2) A synthetic DXP operon (dxs-ipphp-gpps) encoding three rate-limiting enzymes from the MEP pathway was co-expressed with limonene synthases gene | [75] | |
S. cerevisiae | d-Limonene and l-limonene | 0.12 mg/L d-limonene and 0.49 mg/L l-limonene | – | 1.67 µg/L/h d-limonene and 6.8 µg/L/h l–limonene | The truncated limonene synthases with Cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR1) (Gal1 promoter) were co-expressed, and a setup was built which allowed trapping of exhaust volatiles during growth | [33] |
Y. lipolytica | d-Limonene and l-limonene | 11.705 mg/L d-limonene and 11.088 mg/L l-limonene | 0.443 mg/g DCW for d-limonene and 0.385 mg/g DCW for l-limonene | 0.0542 mg/L/h d-limonene and 0.0513 mg/L/h l-limonene | (1) The heterologous d-limonene synthase from Citrus limon and l-limonene synthase from Mentha spicata with ten homologous genes involved in the MVA pathway were overexpressed, respectively. (2) Fermentation conditions of engineered strains were optimized. (3) Fed-batch fermentation of engineered strains was used. (4) WCO was used as carbon resource | This work |
d-Limonene | 23.56Â mg/L | 1.36Â mg/g DCW | 0.33Â mg/L/h | The truncated genes tLS and tNDPS1 with HMG1 and ERG12 were co-expressed | [72] | |
Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 | l-Limonene | – | – | 172.7 µg/L/48 h | A synthetic DXP operon (dxs-ipphp-gpps) encoding three rate-limiting enzymes from the MEP pathway was co-expressed with limonene synthases gene | [76] |
Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 | l-Limonene | 4 mg/L | – | 0.042 mg/L/h | The (−)-4S-limonene synthase gene was expressed | [30] |
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 | d-Limonene | 0.564 mg/L | – | 2.33 µg/L/h | Introducing an additional copy of three genes (dxs, crtE and ipi) under the control of a strong trc promoter | [77] |